Language name and locationː Yanesha', Junin region, Peru [Refer to Ethnologue]
|
1. pat̃err [patʸeʐ] or [patʃʲeʐ] |
21. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena pat̃err |
2. ehpa [e̤pa] |
22. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena ehpa |
3. ma'pa [maʲpa] |
23. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena ma'pa |
4. pa'tats [pa'tat͡s] |
24. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena pa'tats |
5. amnaar [amnaːɾ] |
25. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena amnaar |
6. peechap [peːt͡ʃap] |
26. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena peechap |
7. canc̈herr [kant͡ʂeʐ] (< Quechua ) * |
27. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena canc̈herr |
8. posoc [posok] ( < Quechua ) |
28. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena posoc |
9. escont [eskont] ( < Quechua ) |
29. ehpoch c̈haarra' puechena escont |
10. c̈haarra' [t͡ʂaːʐaʔ] |
30. ma'poch c̈haarra' |
11. c̈haarra' puechena pat̃err |
40. pa'tatsoch c̈haarra' |
12. c̈haarra' puechena ehpa |
50. amnaaroch c̈haarra' |
13. c̈haarra' puechena ma'pa |
60. pechapoch c̈haarra' |
14. c̈haarra' puechena pa'tats |
70. canc̈herroch c̈haarra' |
15. c̈haarra' puechena amnar |
80. posooch c̈haarra' |
16. c̈haarra' puechena pechap |
90. escontoch c̈haarra' |
17. c̈harra' puechena canc̈herr |
100. c̈harroch c̈haarra' |
18. c̈harra' puechena posoc |
200. ehpoch c̈harroch c̈haarra' |
19. c̈harra' puechena escont |
1000. c̈harroch c̈harroch c̈haarra' |
20. ehpoch c̈haarra' [e̤pot͡ʃ t͡ʂaːʐaʔ] |
2000. ehpoch c̈harroch c̈harroch c̈haarra' |
Linguist providing data and dateː Ms. Anna Luisa Daigneault, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Montréal, Canada. January 28, 2011. 提供资料的语言学家 Ms. Anna Luisa Daigneault, 2011 年 1 月 28 日. |
Other comments: Yanesha' or Amuesha is spoken by approximately 7,500 speakers in
Junin region: headwaters of Pachitea and Perené
rivers; Pasco region: central and east, Peru. Yanesha'
has developed a decimal system, however the native counting system is not being used much any more.
Spanish numeral system is much commonly used. The numbers 8 and 9
appear to be a borrowing from Quechua "quanchis"
(as said in the Cuzco dialect). While the grammar of Yanesha’ is
typically Arawakan, the Yanesha’ lexicon shows an very remarkable import
from the ancient Yaru dialect of Quechua I, spoken in the eastern Andes
during the time of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest (Willem
Adelaar 2006: 290). The Yanesha’ language is therefore a unique example
of past contact between Andean and Amazonian peoples before
colonization. I do not have any Yaru data on hand, but presumably its
numerals would have been quite similar to the Cuzco dialect. Yaru is an
extinct dialect of Quechua, once spoken near Yanesha territory. See
attached figure of Quechua linguistic family, taken from the internet.
Yaru is high-lighted in green. Anthropologist Richard Chase Smith also
attests that Yanesha has substantial influence from Yunga (works not
published yet). I need to look into that.
Number 9. Please note that this numeral varies between [eskont] and [eskon].
It appears to be borrowed from Quechua "esqon" and the Yanesha may have
added the final [t], unless the ancient Yaru speakers had the final [t]
and it was borrowed that way, then simplified. Number 19. The last word can vary from [eskont]
to [eskon] depending on the speaker.
The information you provided on the form corresponds to the Yanesha
orthography that was used between 1955-2009, invented by the SIL. When I
first did fieldwork and wrote my thesis, they were still using this
system, but it had many challenges: the SIL system did not account for
some of the phonetic subleties of the language, and very importantly,
Yanesha teachers had trouble getting those symbols on computers and
using them in email. As of 2010, partly because of my own encouragement
and the frustration of the bilingual teachers to produce teaching new
materials on modern computers that are scattered throughout their region
of the Amazon, they lobbied the Yanesha Federation to help them approve
a new orthography. They also had a lot of help from Mary Ruth Wise, an
SIL linguist who has worked with them since the 1950s, and has helped
them tailor the changes. This is to
mimic Brazilian Portuguese).
Note on Yanesha Consonants & Orthographyː B = IPA [β]; b̃ = IPA[βʲ]; c = IPA [k]; qu(ë) = IPA[ke]; c̈= IPA [kʲ]; ch = IPA [tʃ]; c̈h = IPA [tʂ]; g = IPA [ɣ], guë = IPA [ɣʲ], h(u)= IPA [w]; j = IPA [x] or [xʲ]; ll = IPA [lʲ]; m̃ = IPA [mʲ]; n̈ = IPA [nʲ]; p̈ = IPA [pʲ]; r = IPA [ɾ]; rɹ IPA [ʐ]; sh = IPA [ʃ]; t̃= IPA [tʃʲ]; y = IPA[j]. Note that eʰ, oʰ, aʰ are breathy 'e, o and a', IPA [e̤], [o̤], [a̤]. eʼ, oʼ, aʼ are glottalized. |
Language name and locationː Yanesha', Junin region, Peru [Refer to Ethnologue]
|
1. pat̃err [patʸeʐ] |
21. epoch c̈harra' puechena pat̃err |
2. epa [epa] |
22. epoch c̈harra' puechena epa |
3. ma'pa [ma'pa] |
23. epoch c̈harra' puechena ma'pa |
4. pa'tats [pa'tat͡s] |
24. epoch c̈harra' puechena pa'tats |
5. amnar [amnaɾ] |
25. epoch c̈harra' puechena amnar |
6. pechap [pet͡ʃap] |
26. epoch c̈harra' puechena pechap |
7. canc̈herr [kant͡ʂeʐ] ( < Quechua ) |
27. epoch c̈harra' puechena canc̈herr |
8. posoc [posok] ( < Quechua ) |
28. epoch c̈harra' puechena posoc |
9. escont [eskont] ( < Quechua ) |
29. epoch c̈harra' puechena escont |
10. c̈harra' [t͡ʂaʐaʔ] |
30. ma'poch c̈harra' |
11. c̈harra' puechena pat̃err |
40. pa'tatsoch c̈harra' |
12. c̈harra' puechena epa |
50. amnaroch c̈harra' |
13. c̈harra' puechena ma'pa |
60. pechapoch c̈harra' |
14. c̈harra' puechena pa'tats |
70. canc̈herroch c̈harra' |
15. c̈harra' puechena amnar |
80. posooch c̈harra' |
16. c̈harra' puechena pechap |
90. escontoch c̈harra' |
17. c̈harra' puechena canc̈herr |
100. c̈harroch c̈harra' |
18. c̈harra' puechena posoc |
200. epoch c̈harroch c̈harra' |
19. c̈harra' puechena escont |
1000. c̈harroch c̈harroch c̈harra' |
20. epoch c̈harra' [epot͡ʃ t͡ʂaʐaʔ] |
2000. epoch c̈harroch c̈harroch c̈harra' |
Linguist providing data and dateː Mrs. Martha Trip, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Peru, August 19, 1994. 提供资料的语言学家: Mrs. Martha Trip, 1994 年 8 月 19 日 |
Other comments: Yanesha' or Amuesha is spoken by approximately 7,500 speakers in Junin region: headwaters of Pachitea and Perené rivers; Pasco region: central and east, Peru. Yanesha' has developed a decimal system, however the native counting system is not being used much any more. Spanish numeral system is much commonly used. The numbers 8 and 9 seemed to be loanwords from Quechua. |
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