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Language name and locationː Tshangla, China, India, Bhutan [Refer to Ethnologue]
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1. tʰur |
21. kʰai tʰur daŋ tʰur |
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2. ɲiktsiŋ |
22. kʰai tʰur daŋ ɲiktsiŋ |
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3. sam |
23. kʰai tʰur daŋ sam |
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4. pʃi |
24. kʰai tʰur daŋ pʃi |
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5. ŋa |
25. kʰai tʰur daŋ ŋa |
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6. kʰuŋ |
26. kʰai tʰur daŋ kʰuŋ |
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7. zum |
27. kʰai tʰur daŋ zum |
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8. jen |
28. kʰai tʰur daŋ jen |
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9. ɡu |
29. kʰai tʰur daŋ ɡu |
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10. se |
30. kʰai pʰedaŋ ɲiktsiŋ (lit: 'halfway to 40') |
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11. soŋ tʰur |
40. kʰai ɲiktsiŋ (20 x 2) |
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12. soŋ ɲiktsiŋ |
50. kʰai pʰedaŋ sam (lit: 'halfway to 60') * |
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13. soŋ sam |
60. kʰai sam (20 x 3) |
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14. soŋ pʃi |
70. kʰai pʰedaŋ pʃi (lit: 'halfway to 80')* |
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15. soŋ ŋa |
80. kʰai pʃi (20 x 4) |
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16. soŋ kʰuŋ |
90. kʰai pʰedaŋ ŋa (lit: 'halfway to 100')* |
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17. soŋ zum |
100. kʰai ŋa (20 x 5) / dʑa tʰur |
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18. soŋ jen |
200. kʰai se / dʑa ɲiktsiŋ |
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19. soŋ ɡu |
1000. ɖoŋʈa |
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20. kʰai tʰur |
2000. ɖoŋʈa ɲiktsiŋ |
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Linguist providing data and dateː
Dr. Erik Andvik,
提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Erik Andvik, 2006 年 8 月 1 日, 2009 年 4 月 17 日. |
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Other comments: Tshangla has a vigesimal system with very especial constructions for 30, 50, 70 and 90. The word 'pʰedaŋ' means 'halfway to ... ', so 30 is formed by 'halfway to 40', 50, 70 and 90 is formed by the same method. The numbers 'hundred' and 'thousand' seem to be loanwords from a Tibetan language. Tshangla isn’t really a tonal language, at least the variety I’ve studied in Bhutan. There may be a few isolated tone contrasts but no real functional load. The variety of Tshangla spoken in Pemakö in Tibet may be tonal according to research by Zhang (see citation in my dissertation) but I haven’t investigated it personally. Tshangla or Central Monpa or Shachopkha is spoken by approximately 180,000 speakers in Bhutan, India and China. |
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Language name and locationː Dirang Monpa, India, China, Bhutan [Ref to Ethnologue]
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1. t̪ʰur |
21. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe t̪ʰur |
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2. ɲiktsiŋ |
22. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe ɲiktsiŋ |
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3. tsam / sam |
23. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe tsam |
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4. pʃi |
24. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe pʃi |
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5. ŋa |
25. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe ŋa |
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6. kʰuŋ |
26. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe kʰuŋ |
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7. zum |
27. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe zum |
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8. jen |
28. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe jen |
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9. ɡu |
29. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe ɡu |
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10. se |
30. kʰəi t̪ʰur ɡe se (lit: '20+10') |
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11. soŋ t̪ʰur |
40. kʰəi ɲiktsiŋ (20 x 2 ) |
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12. soŋ ɲiktsiŋ |
50. kʰəi ɲiktsiŋ ɡe se (lit: '40+10') |
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13. soŋ sam |
60. kʰəi sam (20 x 3) |
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14. soŋ pʃi |
70. kʰəi sam ɡe se (lit: '60+10') |
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15. soŋ ŋa |
80. kʰəi pʃi (20 x 4) |
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16. soŋ kʰuŋ |
90. kʰəi pʃi ɡe se (lit: '80+10') |
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17. soŋ zum |
100. ɡʲa t̪ʰur, 200. ɡʲa ɲiktsiŋ |
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18. soŋ jen |
400. ɡʲa pʃi, 800. ɡʲa jen |
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19. soŋ ɡu |
1000. t̪oŋʈʰa t̪ʰur |
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20. kʰəi t̪ʰur |
2000. t̪oŋʈʰa ɲiktsiŋ |
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Linguist providing data and dateː Dr.
Ankita Karmakar/ əŋkit̪a karmakar/অঙ্কিতা কর্মকার (Junior Resource
Person) Scheme For Protection and
Preservation of Endangered languages
Central Institute of Indian Languages {Ministry of HRD, Department of
Higher Education, GOI }, Mansagangotri, Mysore - 570006, India.
May 14 提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Ankita Karmakar, 2018 年 5 月 14 日. |
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Other comments: Dirang Monpa has a vigesimal system. Note: Tone is the significant part of the Tibeto-Burman languages. So we have to look into this since Dirang Monpa is also classified as a Tibeto- Bumran language. K. Das Gupta has observed that Dirang Monpa has a 2-way lexical tone contrast. Although he does not mark tone, he lists the following minimal pairs. But I found them as homophonous words. Which has same pronunciation but meaning differs. kʰu ‘Dog’ kʰu ‘Rice’ ʃʲa ‘Meat’ ʃʲa ‘Tooth’ ra ‘Brass’ ra ‘Paddy’ ŋa Fish’ ŋa ‘Full’ ʃi ‘Excretion’ ʃi ‘Bamboo’ |
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