Language name and location: Rawang (Tangsar), Myanmar [Refer to Ethnologue]
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1. tʃiʔ |
21. əɲí sə́l tʃiʔ |
2. əɲí |
22. əɲí sə́l əɲí |
3. əsɨ̀m |
23. əɲí sə́l əsɨ̀m |
4. əbrì |
24. əɲí sə́l əbrì |
5. pəŋwà |
25. əɲí sə́l pəŋwà |
6. kruʔ |
26. əɲí sə́l kruʔ |
7. ʃəŋiʔ |
27. əɲí sə́l ʃəŋit (~ʃəŋiʔ) |
8. ʃət |
28. əɲí sə́l ʃàt (~ʃət) |
9. dəɡɨ̀ |
29. əɲí sə́l dəɡɨ̀ |
10. tʃisə́l |
30. əsɨ̀m sə́l |
11. tʃisə́l tʃiʔ |
40. əbrì sə́l |
12. tʃisə́l əɲí |
50. pəŋwà sə́l |
13. tʃisə́l əsɨ̀m |
60. kruʔ sə́l |
14. tʃisə́l əbrì |
70. ʃəŋiʔ sə́l (~ʃəŋit) |
15. tʃisə́l pəŋwà |
80. ʃət sə́l (~ʃat) |
16. tʃisə́l kruʔ |
90. dəɡɨ̀ sə́l |
17. tʃisə́l ʃəŋiʔ |
100. tʃi já, 200. əɲí já |
18. tʃisə́l ʃət (~ʃat) |
400. əbrì já, 800. ʃət já |
19. tʃisə́l dəɡɨ̀ |
1000. tʃi kíŋ |
20. əní sə́l |
2000. əɲí kíŋ |
Linguist providing data and dateː
Mr. Nathan Straub,
MA in Linguistics, Language Enhancement Centre, Payap University,
Thailand,
July 17, 提供资料的语言学家: 曹内森先生 (泰国西北大学), 2018 年 7 月 17 日. |
Other comments: Western Dvngsar (Tangsar) Rawang has a decimal system. Western Dvngsar (Tangsar), Mvpáng clan. Originally spoken along the upper Renyinchi and Langdaqgong streams north of Konglangpø, Putao District, Kachin State, Myanmar. Collected from Mapáng Dù in Bangkok, Thailand. The phonology of this dialect has not been fully analyzed yet. In general, however, this dialect has a similar phonemic system to Mvtwàng Rvwàng (R. Morse 1962/1963; S. Morse 1988, 1989) and Rvmø̀l Rvwàng (Straub 2016). There are three tones on syllables that do not have stop finals, based on a scale of 5 (highest) to 1 (lowest): High /á/ 55~53, Mid /a/ 33, Low /à/ 31~11. Tone on syllables with final p/t/k/ or ʔ (the latter considered a tone-register complex) is non-distinctive, usually realized as high or high falling. Tone on minor syllables (Cə) is non-distinctive as well. Vowels: i, e [e~ɛ], a, u, o [o~ɔ], ə, ɨ. Initial consonants: p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z [dz], ts, tʃ, dʒ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, h [h~x], j, l, r [ɹ~r~ɾ]. Voiceless stops and affricates are aspirated, although this is not indicated in the transcription for brevity's sake. Final consonants: p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j. Diphthongs include /aj, əj, ɨj, uj, oj/. /ɨj/ is usually realized with a slightly longer vowel: [ɨˑj]; /aj/ may be considered an inherently-long-vowel counterpart to /əj/. Clusters observed include: /bl, pr, br, kr, gr/. The cluster /mj/ is found in Burmese loanwords, and the cluster /dw/ in Jinghpaw loanwords. In terms of phonological processes, two are observable here: (1) Palatalization: The initial consonant /n/ becomes /ɲ/ when followed by the vowel /i/, e.g. əní sə́l→əɲí sə́l 'twenty'. Although this nasal palatalization is a regular process, the palatal nasal forms are given in the transcription here without abstracting them to their original alveolar nasal form /n/. The palatal nasal consonant also appears before other vowels, such as /a/ in /ɲaʔù/ 'to swallow', so it can definitely be considered a separate phoneme in the latter environment. (2) Reduction to affricates: The numeral 4 is rendered /əblì/ in Dvrù and /əbrì/ in Mvpang Dvngsar, but in this dialect the *b{l,r} cluster is reduced to the affricate /dʒ/ as /ədʒì/.
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