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Language name and location: Rawang (Krvngku), Myanmar [Refer to Ethnologue]
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1. əmə́j |
21. əɲí sə́l əmə́j |
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2. əɲí |
22. əɲí sə́l əní |
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3. əsɨ̀m |
23. əɲí sə́l əsɨ̀m |
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4. ədʒì |
24. əɲí sə́l ədʒì |
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5. pùŋà |
25. əɲí sə́l pùŋà |
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6. təruʔ |
26. əɲí sə́l təruʔ |
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7. səŋĭt |
27. əɲí sə́l səŋĭt |
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8. tʃat |
28. əɲí sə́l tʃat |
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9. dəɡɨ̀ |
29. əɲí sə́l dəɡɨ̀ |
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10. əmə́j sə́l |
30. əsɨ̀m sə́l |
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11. əmə́j sə́l əmə́j |
40. ədʒì sə́l |
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12. əmə́j sə́l əɲí |
50. pùŋà sə́l |
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13. əmə́j sə́l əsɨ̀m |
60. təruʔ sə́l |
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14. əmə́j sə́l ədʒì |
70. səŋĭt sə́l |
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15. əmə́j sə́l pùŋà |
80. tʃət sə́l |
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16. əmə́j sə́l təruʔ |
90. dəɡɨ̀ sə́l |
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17. əmə́j sə́l səŋĭt |
100. əmə́j já |
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18. əmə́j sə́l tʃat |
200. əɲí já 400. ədʒì já 800. tʃat já |
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19. əmə́j sə́l dəɡɨ̀ |
1000. əmə́j kíŋ |
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20. əní sə́l |
2000. əɲí kíŋ |
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Linguist providing data and dateː
Mr. Nathan Straub,
MA in Linguistics, Language Enhancement Centre, Payap University,
Thailand,
July 17, 提供资料的语言学家: 曹内森先生 (泰国西北大学), 2018 年 7 月 17 日, 8 月 4 日. |
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Other comments: Krvngku Rawang has a decimal system. Krvngku dialect is spoken in southern Lungmi, Rvwàng, from Rv́zà village, on the upper Krang stream, an eastern tributary of the Mvliq river in Kachin State, Myanmar. The village is no longer in existence, due to war, and residents have been dispersed since the mid-1960s. Data provided by Mvniq Guq Samuel in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The phonology of this dialect has not been fully analyzed yet. In general, however, this dialect has a similar phonemic system to Mvtwàng Rvwàng (R. Morse 1962/1963; S. Morse 1988, 1989) and Rvmø̀l Rvwàng (Straub 2016). There are three tones on syllables that do not have stop finals, based on a scale of 5 (highest) to 1 (lowest): High /á/ 55~53, Mid /a/ 33, Low /à/ 31~11. Tone on syllables with final p/t/k/ or ʔ (the latter considered a tone-register complex) is non-distinctive, usually realized as high or high falling. Tone on minor syllables (Cə) is non-distinctive as well. Vowels: i, e [e~ɛ], a, u, o [o~ɔ], ə, ɨ. Initial consonants: p, b, t, d, k, g, s, z [dz], ts, tʃ, dʒ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, h [h~x], j, l, r [ɹ~r~ɾ]. Voiceless stops and affricates are aspirated, although this is not indicated in the transcription for brevity's sake. Final consonants: p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j. Diphthongs include /aj, əj, ɨj, uj, oj/. /ɨj/ is usually realized with a slightly longer vowel: [ɨˑj]; /aj/ may be considered an inherently-long-vowel counterpart to /əj/. Clusters observed include: /bl, pr, br, kr, gr/. The cluster /mj/ is found in Burmese loanwords, and the cluster /dw/ in Jinghpaw loanwords. In terms of phonological processes, two are observable here: (1) Palatalization: The initial consonant /n/ becomes /ɲ/ when followed by the vowel /i/, e.g. əní sə́l→əɲí sə́l 'twenty'. Although this nasal palatalization is a regular process, the palatal nasal forms are given in the transcription here without abstracting them to their original alveolar nasal form /n/. The palatal nasal consonant also appears before other vowels, such as /a/ in /ɲaʔù/ 'to swallow', so it can definitely be considered a separate phoneme in the latter environment. (2) Reduction to affricates: The numeral 4 is rendered /əblì/ in Dvrù and /əbrì/ in Mvpang Dvngsar, but in this dialect the *b{l,r} cluster is reduced to the affricate /dʒ/ as /ədʒì/.
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