Language name and locationː Panare, Venezuela  [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 帕纳雷语,  委内瑞拉

1. tityasa

2. asaʔ

3. asoonwa

4. asaʔnan

5. eeña katóme ( litː 'full hand' )

6. tiisa natoityo ( litː 'one from the the other hand' ), possible sourceː tiyasa eeña

   katoityo

7. asaʔkye natoityo ( litː 'two from the the other hand'),  possible sourceː asaʔ eeña

   katoityo

8. asaʔnan kíʔñe

9. asaʔnan natoityo ( litː 'four from the the other hand'),  possible sourceː asaʔnan eeña

   katoityo

10. panaa ñípun, possible sourceː pana eeña y-ïu-n towards hands 3-head-poss'' *

11. tiisa patáipun ( lit: ''one toe of the foot'),  possible sourceː tiyasa pata yïpun

13. asoonwa patáipun ( lit: 'three toes of the foot' )

14. asaʔnan patáipun ( lit: 'four toes of the foot' )

19. asaʔnan eeña katoityo          

20. napatáipun ( litː 'another foot's toes' ), possible sourceː na-pata y-ïpu-n another-foot

     3-head-poss

21. napatáipun tiisa tyakópe ( litː 'one toe of another' )

30. napatáipun nánipun tyakópe ( litː 'another foot's toes, and hands of other')

32. napatáipun nánipun asaʔ tyakópe ( litː 'another foot's toes, and hands, plus two of

     another' )

40. asaʔnan kíʔña toosen ( litː 'eight big one' )

43. asaʔnan kíʔña toosen asoonwa ( litː 'eight big one plus three' )

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Thomas E. Payne & Prof. Doris L. Payne,

Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon, Eugene, USA. November 29, 2012

提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Thomas E. Payne & Prof. Doris L. Payne, 2012 年 11 月 29 日.

Other comments: As is common in languages of lowland South America, Panare has a quintenary counting system. That is, it has a five-based unit of enumeration. Not all Panare speakers use exactly the same system but the variations encountered are all based on unites of five. The basic systems is built around body part term, most fundamentally the roots eña 'hand' and pata 'foot'. Numbers between multiples of five may involve expressions referring to digits of the footː yupun 'its head' or 'its point' (referring to the toes) or yïpoj 'its covering' (an alternative expression for the toes (When possessed by body parts other than 'hand' or 'foot', poj can refer to the hair of the head, hair of the eye or 'eyebrow' and hair of the chin. Its is also the root for 'clothing' as we;; as the classifier for apparel and necklaces.)

   The prefix na- has the effect of doubling the quantity otherwise indicated by whatever from na- is attached to. A possible translation  of na- would be 'another'. For

example, patáipun ( from pata y-ipu-n 'foot 3-point-POSS') forms the base for the numbers eleven through fourteen. Na-patáipun forms the bas for 'twenty', which marks the completion of counting 'another foot'. Na- possibly derives from pana. As a postposition on nouns pana means 'towards'. Pana occurs transparently in the number 'ten' where is denotes 'another completed hand'. (A less likely source for na- may be from eña 'hand'.) Na-toityo (cf. 'six', 'seven', 'nine') is possibly a reduced form of na-katoityo (cf. 'sixteen'), though for some speakers natoityo and nakatoityo mean different things.

   When toosen (variant tosen; or toose-jmën) 'big one' occurs in numerical expression, its effect is to multiply whatever precedes it by five. Thus, asaʔ patáipun toosen (literally, 'two foot.its.point big.one') translates as 'two one a foot (= all the digits of the hands plus two digits of a foot, or twelve) times five' or sixty'. Na-patá-ipun toosen 'another-foot-its.point big.one' means 'twenty times five' or 'one hundred'. This use of toosen derives from the colloquial Venezuelan Spanish expression (un) fuerte 'strong (one)' for a five Bolívar coin. The Panare calque is not surprising since a prime occasion for referring to quantities above twenty is when dealing with money, and prices in the rural economy are commonly quoted in fuertes. Even for numbers between, toosen is frequently used in monetary contextsː   

   There is evidence of an earlier vigesimal (base-20) system. Above 100, the term eʔñapa 'person' enters into the numeral systems for referring to multiplies of either

'one hundred' or 'twenty'. For example, asaʔ enʔñapa (literally 'two people') does not means 'forty', but 'two hundred.' But some speakers use asaʔeʔñapa toosen for the meaning of 'two hundred', indicating that they take eʔñapa to mean 'twenty' (i.e., for them, adding toosen effectively multiplies the expression by 5, yielding ( 2 x 20) x 5 or 200). Also, the common expression for one thousand, panaa ñípun eʔñapa toosen, is consistent with eʔñapa meaning 'twenty', i.e., 'ten people ( 10 x 20), 'big ones' ( x 5) = 1000. If eʔñapa consistently referred to 100, this complex term would instead refer to 5,000. nevertheless, the word eʔñapa as meaning '20' has clearly been replaced in the lower numbers by the quintenary system based on the Venezuelan fuerte.

The above table presents the numeral systems as pronounced in normal speech by

Rafael Argote of Caruto, Guaniamo dialect.

Language name and locationː Panare, Venezuela  [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 帕纳雷语, 委内瑞拉

1. tityasa

2. asaʔ

3. asonwa 

4. asaʔnan

5. eñakatoːme ( litː ''all of one hand'' )

6. tityasa enekatoiktyo  ( litː ''1st of other hand'' )

7. asaʔ enekatoityo        

8. asaʔnankiːñe

9. asaʔnan enakatoityo 

10. panaːnipun 

11. tityiasa pataipun (litː pata means foot  pata yïpun or pataipun means toe )

12. asaʔ pataipun

13. asonwa pataipun 

14. asaʔnan pataipun 

15. patakatoityo 

19. asaʔnan patakatoityo                      

20. eʔñepa  ( litː ''Panare'' = one person) , 40. asaʔ eʔñepa  ( litː ''two Panares'' )         

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Marie-Claude Mattéi Muller, The Central University of Venezuela (Universidad Central de Venezuela), Venezuela. December 5,  2012.

提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Marie-Claude Mattéi Muller. 2012 年 12 月 5 日 .

Other comments: Panare (Eñepa) has a quinary counting system up to 20. I have been working for many years and I have presently Panare speakers at home. There are Regiolectal variantsː

       6.  ti:sa natoityo, tiwinmïsa eñakatote pana

       7.  asak eñatoityo, asak eñakatote pana

       8. asonwa eñekatoityo, asonwa eñakatote pana

       9. asa’nan natoityo, asa’nan eñakatote pana

      10. 

11.    tiisa pataipun, tiwinmïsa eñatiri’ma

12.    asak eñatiri’ma

13.    asonwa eñatiri’ma

14.    asa?nan eñatiri’ma

15.    patakato:me, patatiri’ma

16.    tityasa patakatote pana

17.    asak patakatote pana

18.    asa’nankiñakatoityo, asonwa patakatote pana

19.    asa’nan eñakatoityo, asa?nan patakatote pana

20.    e’ñapa

in eñakato:me and patakato:me, kato:me means “without the other part of a set”, “deprived of the other part of a set”, “half of something”

pata means foot  pata yïpun or pataipun means toe

Language name and locationː Panare, Venezuela  [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 帕纳雷语, 委内瑞拉

1. tʸitʸisá

2. asáʔ

3. asonwa or asõwa

4. asa'nan

5. eña-kato-me ( litː ''all of one hand'' )

6. tʸitʸiasa eña-kato-ektʸo  ( litː ''1st of other hand'' )

7. asáʔ eña-kato-ektʸo        

8. asonwa eña-kato-ektʸo

9. asa'nan eña-kato-ektʸo

10. pana(e)ña yöpun ( litː ''all fingers together'' ) / asapananaipú 

19. asa'nan pata kato-ektʸo                     

20. pana pata yöpun ( litː ''all toes together'') / tʸitʸisa éʔñapa ( litː ''one Panare'' )        

Linguist providing data and dateː Mrs. Jana Price, NTM, Venezuela, 1995.

提供资料的语言学家: Mrs. Jana Price, 1995 年.

Other comments: Panare (Eñepa) has a quinary counting system up to 20. 40 and 60 are probably expressed by ''asáʔ ké'ñapa'' and ''asonwa é'ñapa", respectively. However, Spanish is being used more & more - especially for 21 and up and for money. Note thatː <'> = IPA [ʔ].