Opo / Opuuo

Language name and location: Opo (Tʼa Po / Opuuo), Ethiopia, South Sudan [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 奥普语 (塔颇语 Tʼapo / 奥普欧语 Opuuo ), 埃塞俄比亚, 南苏丹

Opo (Tʼa Po / Opuuo) Number Chart

Joshua A. G. Smolders

SIL International

The data given below shows two number systems for Opo (a.k.a. Tʼapo, Opuuo) [lgn], specifically from the Bilugu dialect of Ethiopia. The "Original System" below is used by the older generation who grew up uneducated and the "New System" used by the younger educated generation and is promoted in school. The original system clearly uses a base-5 / base-20 system built on the concepts of hand and body. For example, full hand amounts to 5, double hand amounts to 10, the body of one man amounts to 20, the body of two men to 40, and so forth. The concept of body here probably refers to the twenty digits of hands and feet.

In the New System, however, speakers have reinterpreted the body concept in a base-10 system. Thus, while still using hand for 5 and double hand for 10, they use the body of two men for 20, the body of three men for 30, and so forth. This is so that the number of bodies being spoken of corresponds with western written numerals 20/30/40/50/60/70/80/90.

Note also that the numbers 1 and 6 have contracted forms (shown in the "alternative" column), and that any complex number formed using these cardinal numbers may also employ the contraction. Thus, for example, 60 can be the uncontracted form /ēsɪ́bɪ̀kʰānɪ́ɗjān/ or the contracted form /ēsɪ́bɪ̀kʰánɗē/, though only the former is listed in the chart.

The element /kʰān/ in numbers 6-9 (and all subsequent complex numbers employing these) is here glossed 'five', but I am unsure of its actual meaning or etymology. It is possibly a greatly reduced form of /kʼʊ̄y-ɪ́n/ 'hand-3n.poss', but so far there is no evidence for this beyond speculation, and native speakers certainly no longer parse it as anything but 'five'.

This paper employs the following abbreviations for glosses: asc 'associative' (used to gloss the associative H tone, sometimes found with an epenthetic vowel /-ɪ́/), loc 'locative/source marker', 3n.poss 'third person neuter possessive', com 'comitative', sg.m 'singular masculine', pl 'plural', and ord 'ordinalizer'.

Finally, note three phonological phenomena occurring in these data. First, the plural participant nominalizing prefix /bɪ̀-/ and ordinalizer prefix /ɪ̄-/ will assimilate a [+ATR] feature before a root with a [+ATR,+high] vowel (e.g. */bɪ̀-mùtʰa̋/ à /bì-mùtʰa̋/). Second, the source prefix /à-/, which lexically bears a L tone, undergoes tonal leveling when occurring between two M tones (e.g. */kʼʊ̄j-à-sʊ̄kʼén/ à /kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén/). Third, the borrowed lexme /kʰúr/ 'hundred' takes an alternate stem /kʰɔ́r/ when higher than one-hundred (e.g. /kʰúr ɗjān/ 'one-hundred', but /kʰɔ́r sʊ̄kʼá/ 'two-hundred').

	New System	(Alternative)	Original System
1	ɗjān	ɗēn ~ɗē	ɗjān
	one	contraction	one
2	sʊ̄kʼá		sʊ̄kʼá
	two		two
3	tùsù		tùsù
	three		three
4	ʍàn		ʍàn
	four		four
5	mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j		mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j
	be.full-hand		be.full-hand
6	kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān	kʰán-ɗē	kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān
	five-asc-one	contraction	five-asc-one
7	kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá		kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá
	five-asc-two		five-asc-two
8	kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù		kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù
	five-asc-three		five-asc-three
9	kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn		kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn
	five-asc-four		five-asc-four
10	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén		kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss		hand-loc-two:3n.poss
11	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-ɗjān	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p ɗjān	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p ɗjān
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-one	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head one	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head one
12	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-sʊ̄kʼá	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p sʊ̄kʼá	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p sʊ̄kʼá
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-two	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head two	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head two
13	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ī-tùsù	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p tùsù	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p tùsù
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-three	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head three	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head three
14	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-ʍàn	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p ʍàn	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p ʍàn
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-four	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head four	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head four
15	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ī-mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-be.full-hand	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head be.full-hand	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head be.full-hand
16	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-five-asc-one	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-one	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-one
17	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-five-asc-two	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-two	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-two
18	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-five-asc-three	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-three	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-three
19	kʼʊ̄jāsʊ̄kʼén ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn	kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn	kʼʊ̄jāsʊ̄kʼén kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn
	hand-loc-two:3n.poss com ord-five-asc-four	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-four	hand-loc-two:3n.poss have head five-asc-four
20	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá		ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān
	body-asc-pl-two		body-asc-sg.m-one
21	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-ɗjān	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p ɗjān	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p ɗjān
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-one	body-asc-pl-two have head one	body-asc-sg.m-one have head one
22	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-sʊ̄kʼá	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p sʊ̄kʼá	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p sʊ̄kʼá
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-two	body-asc-pl-two have head two	body-asc-sg.m-one have head two
23	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-tùsù	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p tùsù	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p tùsù
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-three	body-asc-pl-two have head three	body-asc-sg.m-one have head three
24	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-ʍàn	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p ʍàn	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p ʍàn
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-four	body-asc-pl-two have head four	body-asc-sg.m-one have head four
25	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-be.full-hand	body-asc-pl-two have head be.full-hand	body-asc-sg.m-one have head be.full-hand
26	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-five-asc-one	body-asc-pl-two have head five-asc-one	body-asc-sg.m-one have head five-asc-one
27	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-five-asc-two	body-asc-pl-two have head five-asc-two	body-asc-sg.m-one have head five-asc-two
28	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-five-asc-three	body-asc-pl-two have head five-asc-three	body-asc-sg.m-one have head five-asc-three
29	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá gʊ̄ ī-kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn	ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn
	body-asc-pl-two com ord-five-asc-four	body-asc-pl-two have head five-asc-four	body-asc-sg.m-one have head five-asc-four
30	ēs-ɪ́-bì-tùsù		ēs-ɪ́-ʊ̀-ɗjān mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén
	body-asc-pl-three		body-asc-sg.m-one com be.full-hand-loc-two:3n.poss
40	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-ʍàn		ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá
	body-asc-pl-four		body-asc-pl-two
50	ēs-ɪ́-bì-mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j		ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-sʊ̄kʼá mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén
	body-asc-pl-be.full-hand		body-asc-pl-two be.full-hand-loc-two:3n.poss
60	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-kʰān-ɪ́-dʼyān		ēs-ɪ́-bì-tùsù
	body-asc-pl-five-asc-one		body-asc-pl-three
70	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-kʰān-ɪ́-sʊ̄kʼá		ēs-ɪ́-bì-tùsù mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén
	body-asc-pl-five-asc-two		body-asc-pl-three be.full-hand-loc-two:3n.poss
80	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-kʰān-ɪ́-tùsù		ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-ʍàn
	body-asc-pl-five-asc-three		body-asc-pl-four
90	ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn		ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-ʍàn mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j-ā-sʊ̄kʼén
	body-asc-pl-five-asc-four		body-asc-pl-four be.full-hand-loc-two:3n.poss
100	kʰúr dʼjān (Nuer borrowing)	ɗɪ́bá dʼjān (Oromo borrowing)	ēs-ɪ́-bì-mùtʰa̋-kʼʊ̄j
	hundred one	hundred one	body-asc-pl-be.full-hand
200	kʰɔ́r sʊ̄kʼá (Nuer borrowing)	ɗɪ́bá sʊ̄kʼá (Oromo borrowing)	no data
	hundred two	hundred two

1000	kísí ɗjān	kàlkʼátʼí	no data
	thousand one	thousand
2000	kísí sʊ̄kʼá	kàlkʼátʼí sʊ̄kʼá	no data
	thousand two	thousand two

An example of a complex number:

369	kʰɔ́r tùsù ɡʊ̄ ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān ɡʊ̄ ɪ̄-kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn	kʰɔ́r tùsù ɡʊ̄ ēs-ɪ́-bɪ̀-kʰān-ɪ́-ɗjān kòt kʼʊ́p kʰān-ɪ́-ʍàn
	hundred three com body-asc-pl-five-asc-one com ord-five-asc-four	hundred three com body-asc-pl-five-asc-one have head five-asc-four

Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. Joshua A. G. Smolders, SIL International, Ethiopia, December 8, 2016, December 2, 2022.

提供资料的语言学家: Mr. Joshua A. G. Smolders, 2016 年 12 月 8 日, 2022 年 12 月 2 日

Language name and location: Opuuo, Ethiopia, South Sudan [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 奥普欧语 (希塔语 Shita), 埃塞俄比亚, 南苏丹

1. ɗán ~ ɗíán	21. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-ɗán
2. sùkʼá	22. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-sùkʼá
3. tùsú	23. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-tùsú
4. hwán	24. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-hwán
5. mùtá-kʼʷèj (litː 'one hand')	25. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-mùtá-kʼʷèj
6. kánè-ɗéé	26. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-ɗéé
7. kánè-sùkʼá	27. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-sùkʼá
8. kánè-tùsú	28. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-tùsú
9. kánè-hʷán	29. ésì-wɗé-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-hʷán
10. mútá-kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén ('two hands')	30. ésì-wɗé-mútá-kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén *
11. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-ɗán	40. ésì-bí-sùkʼá (litː 'two men')
12. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-sùkʼá	50. ésì-bí-sùkʼá-mútá-kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén
13. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-tùsú	60. ésì-bí-tùsú (litː 'three men')
14. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-hwán	70. ésì-bí-tùsú-mútá-kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén
15. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-mùtá-kʼʷèj	80. ésì-bí-hwán (litː 'four men')
16. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-ɗéé	90. ésì-bí-hwán-mútá-kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén
17. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-sùkʼá	100. kór-dán
18. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-tùsú	200. kór-sùkʼá
19. kʼʷùjá-sùkʼén-kʼòtkʼóp-kánè-hʷán	1000. kísì
20. ésì-wɗé (litː 'one man')	2000. kísì-sùkʼá

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Mellese Gelaneh Alemu, Department of Linguistics, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. October 23, 2012, April 28, 2013.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Mellese Gelaneh Alemu, 2012 年 10 月 23 日, 2013 年 4 月 28 日.

Other comments: Opuuo is spoken by approximately 20,000 speakers in Gambela region: Sudan border area as well as South Sudan. Opuuo numeral system is similar to other Koman languages. Twenty is expressed by 'one man', thirty is 'one man and two hands', forty is 'two men', six is 'three men', eighty is 'four men'.

Language name and location: Opuuo, Ethiopia, South Sudan [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 奥普欧语 (希塔语 Shita), 埃塞俄比亚, 南苏丹

1. diʃeɗe	21.
2. ʃuka ~ cuka	22.
3. tuʃu ~ tusu	23.
4. hwan ~ ŋwan	24.
5. mutaːkwei ('one hand')	25.
6. kane-ɗe	26.
7. kane-ʃuka	27.
8. kane-tūʃū	28.
9. kane-hwān	29.
10. muta-kweya-ʃuka-yen ('two hands')	30. mute-ʃu-ɗe muta-kweya-ʃuka-yen
11. kane-won-ɗe	40. muteʃibi-ʃuka (20 x 2)
12. kane-won-ʃuka	50.
13. kane-won-tuʃu	60.
14. kane-won-hwan	70.
15.	80.
16.	90.
17.	100. i-ʃibin-ta-kwei
18.	200.
19.	1000. kuma-ɗe
20. mute-ʃu-ɗe	2000.

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Marvin L. Bender, Southern Illinois University, USA, June 2, 1989.

提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Marvin L. Bender, 1989 年 6 月 2 日.

Other comments: The Opuuo has a vigesimal system similar to other Koman languages.

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