Muklom-Naga

Language name and location: Muklom Naga, Arunachal, India [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 木克隆-那加语 (Muklom Tangsa Naga), 印度东北部阿鲁纳查尔邦

1. ʌ₀ʃɛ₁	21. ɹɔk₀ni₃ ʌ₀ʃɛ₁
2. ʌ₀ni₃	22. ɹɔk₀ni₃ ʌ₀ni₃
3. ʌ₀tɔm₂	23. ɹɔk₀ni₃ ʌ₀tɔm₂
4. bʌ₀li₃	24. ɹɔk₀ni₃ bʌ₀li₃
5. bʌ₀ŋa₃	25. ɹɔk₀ni₃ bʌ₀ŋa₃
6. tʰʌ₀ɹɔk₀	26. ɹɔk₀ni₃ tʰʌ₀ɹɔk₀
7. sʌ₀nʌt₀	27. ɹɔk₀ni₃ sʌ₀nʌt₀
8. ʌ₀ʃʌt₀	28. ɹɔk₀ni₃ ʌ₀ʃʌt₀
9. ʌ₀kʰu₁	29. ɹɔk₀ni₃ ʌ₀kʰu₁
10. ʌ₀si₂	30. ɹɔk₀tɔm₂
11. ʌ₀si₂ ʌ₀ʃɛ₁	40. ɹɔk₀bʌ₀li3
12. ʌ₀si₂ ʌ₀ni₃	50. ɹɔk₀bʌ₀ŋa₃
13. ʌ₀si₂ ʌ₀tɔm₂	60. ɹɔk₀tʰʌ₀ɹɔk₀
14. ʌ₀si₂ bʌ₀li₃	70. ɹɔk₀sʌ₀nʌt₀
15. ʌ₀si₂ bʌ₀ŋa₃	80. ɹɔk₀ʌ₀ʃʌt₀
16. ʌ₀si₂ tʰʌ₀ɹɔk₀	90. ɹɔk₀ʌ₀kʰu₁
17. ʌ₀si₂ sʌ₀nʌt₀	100. ʃa₃ʃɛ₁[1] 200. ʃa₃ni₃[2]
18. ʌ₀si₂ ʌ₀ʃʌt₀	400. ʃa₃ bʌ₀li₃ 800. ʃa₃ ʌ₀ʃʌt₀
19. ʌ₀si₂ ʌ₀kʰu₁	1000. ha₃ʝat₀;[3] hɨŋ₂[4]
20. ɹɔk₀ni₃	2000. ha₃ʝat₀ni₃

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Mijke Mulder, Department of Linguistics, La Trobe University, Australia, February 15, 2022.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Mijke Mulder, 2022 年 2 月 15 日.

Other comments: Muklom Naga has a decimal system. The above data are taken from Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Muklom is a variety of Tangsa spoken in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and in Myanmar.

For further details on numerals in Muklom, see Mulder (2020) sections 4.1.1.5 and 5.1.5.

Consonant inventory taken from Mulder (2020):

consonants
poa moa	bilabial	alveolar	post-alveolar	palatal	velar	glottal
plosive	/pʰ/ /p/ /b/	/tʰ/ /t/ /d/			/kʰ/ /k/	/ʔ/
affricate		/ts/		/tɕ/
fricative	/β/	/s/	/ʃ/	/ʝ/	/x/	/h/
nasal	/m/	/n/			/ŋ/
approximant			/ɹ/
lateral		/l/

Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1 - Muklom consonants

Vowel inventory taken from Mulder (2020):

vowel inventory
	front	central	back
high	/i/	/ɨ/	/u/ /uː/
high-mid	/e/
low-mid	/ɛ/		/ʌ/ /ɔ/ /ɔː/
low		/a/

Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2 - Muklom vowels (Mulder 2020)

The subscript numbers in the transcriptions above indicate tone categories. A subscript zero indicates lack of tone. Tone categories overview taken from Mulder (2020):

tone	pitch contour	pitch height	phonation	duration
1	falling	mid/low	creaky
2	rising-falling/ delayed falling	high/mid	modal/breathy	long
3	level	mid	breathy

Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3 - Tone categories in Muklom

References

Benedict, Paul K. (1972). Sino Tibetan. A conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Matisoff, James A. (1997). Sino-Tibetan numeral systems. Prefixes, protoforms, and problems. Series B-114. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Morey, Stephen D. (2005). The Tai languages of Assam. A grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

_____ (2010). Turung. A variety of Singpho language spoken in Assam. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Mulder, Mijke (2020). A descriptive grammar of Muklom Tangsa. Dissertation. La Trobe University, Melbourne.

[1] Alternatively: ʃa₃; ʃa₃ ʌ₀ʃɛ₁.

[2] Alternatively: ʃa₃ ʌ₀ni₃.

[3] Indo-aryan loan, possibly from Assamese /hazar/ ‘thousand’.

[4] The etymology of /hɨŋ₂/ is less clear. Benedict (1972:220) suggests PTB *s-toŋ, of which for example Written Burmese /thoŋ/ is a reflex. Matisoff adds to this an additional reconstructed etymon *s-riŋ~*s-raŋ and discusses the possibility of a relationship between this etymon and *s-r/liŋ~s-r/lyaŋ ‘ten’ (Matisoff 1997:27) or *m liŋ ‘hundred’ (Matisoff 1997:61). At the same time, in Shan and in the Tai languages of Northeast India, we find words that look suspiciously similar to the Muklom form, for example /heŋ₆/ ‘thousand’ in Tai Phake and /hiŋ₁/ ‘thousand’ in Aton (Tai) (see Morey 2005:241). Morey (2010:315) suggests that Turung Singpho /hiŋ₂/ ‘thousand’ derives from Tai Aiton /hiŋ₁/ ‘thousand’, so the direction of borrowing would be from Tai into Tibeto-Burman in that case.

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