Language name and location: Muklom Naga, Arunachal, India [Refer to Ethnologue]

言名称和分布地区木克隆-那加语 (Muklom Tangsa Naga), 印度东北部阿鲁纳查尔邦

 

1. ʌ0ʃɛ1

21. ɹɔk0ni3 ʌ0ʃɛ1

2. ʌ0ni3

22. ɹɔk0ni3 ʌ0ni3

3. ʌ0tɔm2

23. ɹɔk0ni3 ʌ0tɔm2

4. bʌ0li3

24. ɹɔk0ni30li3

5. bʌ0ŋa3

25. ɹɔk0ni30ŋa3

6. tʰʌ0ɹɔk0

26. ɹɔk0ni3 tʰʌ0ɹɔk0

7. sʌ0nʌt0

27. ɹɔk0ni30nʌt0

8. ʌ0ʃʌt0

28. ɹɔk0ni3 ʌ0ʃʌt0

9. ʌ0kʰu1

29. ɹɔk0ni3 ʌ0kʰu1

10. ʌ0si2

30. ɹɔk0tɔm2

11. ʌ0si2 ʌ0ʃɛ1

40. ɹɔk00li3

12. ʌ0si2 ʌ0ni3 

50. ɹɔk00ŋa3

13. ʌ0si2 ʌ0tɔm2

60. ɹɔk0tʰʌ0ɹɔk0

14. ʌ0si20li3

70. ɹɔk00nʌt0 

15. ʌ0si20ŋa3

80. ɹɔk0ʌ0ʃʌt0 

16. ʌ0si2 tʰʌ0ɹɔk0

90. ɹɔk0ʌ0kʰu1

17. ʌ0si20nʌt0

100. ʃa3ʃɛ1[1]   200. ʃa3ni3[2]

18. ʌ0si2 ʌ0ʃʌt0

400. ʃa30li3 800. ʃa3 ʌ0ʃʌt0

19. ʌ0si2 ʌ0kʰu1 

1000. ha3ʝat0;[3] hɨŋ2[4]

20. ɹɔk0ni3 

2000. ha3ʝat0ni3 

 

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Mijke Mulder, Department of Linguistics, La Trobe University, Australia, February 15, 2022.

供资料的语言学家: Dr. Mijke Mulder, 2022 年 2 月 15 日.

 

Other comments: Muklom Naga has a decimal system. The above data are taken from Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Muklom is a variety of Tangsa spoken in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and in Myanmar.

 For further details on numerals in Muklom, see Mulder (2020) sections 4.1.1.5 and 5.1.5.

Consonant inventory taken from Mulder (2020):

 

consonants

             poa

moa

bilabial

alveolar

post-alveolar

palatal

velar

glottal

plosive

/pʰ/

/p/

/b/

/tʰ/

/t/

/d/

 

 

/kʰ/

/k/

 

/ʔ/

affricate

 

/ts/

 

/tɕ/

 

 

fricative

/β/

/s/

/ʃ/

/ʝ/

/x/

/h/

nasal

/m/

/n/

 

 

/ŋ/

 

approximant

 

 

/ɹ/

 

 

 

lateral

 

/l/

 

 

 

 

Table  SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1 - Muklom consonants

Vowel inventory taken from Mulder (2020):

 

vowel inventory

 

front

central

back

high

/i/

/ɨ/

/u/  /uː/ 

high-mid

/e/

 

 

low-mid

/ɛ/

 

/ʌ/  /ɔ/  /ɔː/

low

 

/a/

 

Table  SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2 - Muklom vowels (Mulder 2020)

The subscript numbers in the transcriptions above indicate tone categories. A subscript zero indicates lack of tone. Tone categories overview taken from Mulder (2020):

 

tone

pitch contour

pitch height

phonation

duration

1

falling

mid/low

creaky

 

2

rising-falling/
delayed falling

high/mid

modal/breathy

long

3

level

mid

breathy

 

Table  SEQ Table \* ARABIC 3 - Tone categories in Muklom

References

Benedict, Paul K. (1972). Sino Tibetan. A conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Matisoff, James A. (1997). Sino-Tibetan numeral systems. Prefixes, protoforms, and problems. Series B-114. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Morey, Stephen D. (2005). The Tai languages of Assam. A grammar and texts. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

_____ (2010). Turung. A variety of Singpho language spoken in Assam. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Mulder, Mijke (2020). A descriptive grammar of Muklom Tangsa. Dissertation. La Trobe University, Melbourne.

 

[1] Alternatively: ʃa3; ʃa3 ʌ0ʃɛ1.

[2] Alternatively: ʃa3 ʌ0ni3.

[3] Indo-aryan loan, possibly from Assamese /hazar/ ‘thousand’.

[4] The etymology of /hɨŋ2/ is less clear. Benedict (1972:220) suggests PTB *s-toŋ, of which for example Written Burmese /thoŋ/ is a reflex. Matisoff adds to this an additional reconstructed etymon *s-riŋ~*s-raŋ and discusses the possibility of a relationship between this etymon and *s-r/liŋ~s-r/lyaŋ ‘ten’ (Matisoff 1997:27) or *m liŋ ‘hundred’ (Matisoff 1997:61). At the same time, in Shan and in the Tai languages of Northeast India, we find words that look suspiciously similar to the Muklom form, for example /heŋ6/ ‘thousand’ in Tai Phake and /hiŋ1/ ‘thousand’ in Aton (Tai) (see Morey 2005:241). Morey (2010:315) suggests that Turung Singpho /hiŋ2/ ‘thousand’ derives from Tai Aiton /hiŋ1/ ‘thousand’, so the direction of borrowing would be from Tai into Tibeto-Burman in that case.


 

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