Language name and locationː Mwaghavul, Plateau State, Nigeria [Refer to Ethnologue]言名称和分布地区姆瓦格乌尔语 (穆鹏语 Mupun)尼日利亚中部高原州  

 

1. mìndóŋ

21. láːr vìl kjí mìndóŋ

2. vìl

22. láːr vìl kjí vìl

3. kùn

23. láːr vìl kjí kùn

4. féːr

24. láːr vìl kjí féːr

5. páːt

25. láːr vìl kjí páːt

6. péː méː

26. láːr vìl kjí pé:mé:

7. pwóː vìl

27. láːr vìl kjí pwóː vìl

8. pwóː kùn

28. láːr vìl kjí pwóː kùn

9. pwóː féːr

29. láːr vìl kjí pwóː f éː:r

10. sar / kaapat

30. láːr kùn

11. sár káː mìndóŋ

40. láːr féːr

12. sár káː vìl

50. láːr páːt

13. sár káː kùn

60. láːr péːméː

14. sár káː féːr

70. láːr pwóː vìl

15. sár káː páːt

80. láːr pwóː kùn

16. wár káː péːméː

90. láːr pwóː féːr

17. sár káː pwóː vìl

100. kámbìl mìndóŋ, 200. kámbìl vìl  

18. sár káː pwóː kùn

400. kámbìl féːr, 800. láːr pwóː kùn

19. sár káː pwóː féːr

1000. ŋgàl mìndóŋ

20. láːr vìl

2000. ŋgàl vil

 

Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. Adamu Ago Saleh, Department of African Languages and Cultures, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, October 6, 2021.
Informant: Mr. Tongvireng Dashuwa Josep
供资料的语言学家: Mr. Adamu Ago Saleh, 2021 年 10 月 6 日.

 

Other comments: Mupun has a decimal system with five-based substructure. It seems
the number 'ten' was originally constructed by ' 5 x 2 ' or 'two hands'. Nowadays, people usually use the Hausa forms for 'hundred' and 'thousand'.


Language name and locationː Mwaghavul, Plateau State, Nigeria [Refer to Ethnologue]言名称和分布地区姆瓦格乌尔语 (穆鹏语 Mupun)尼日利亚中部高原州

 

1. mɨ́ndòng [mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]

21. [lɑːɾvul-bɑ́ mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]

2. vúl [vúl]

22. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːvúl]

3. kún [kún]

23. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːkún]

4. féer [fɛ́ːr]

24. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːfɛ́ːr]

5. páat [pɑ́ːt]

25. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɑ́ːt]

6. péemée [pɛ́ːmɛ́ː] ( 5 + 1 )

26. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɛ́ːmɛ́ː]

7. pòovúl [pɔ̀:vúl]   ( 5 + 2 )

27. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɔ́:vúl]

8. pòokún [pɔ̀:kún] ( 5 + 3 )

28. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɔ̀:kún]

9. pòoféer [pɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]  ( 5 + 4 )

29. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]

10. kāghāpáat [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt]

30. láarkún [lɑ́ːɾkún]

11. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]

40. láarféer [lɑ́ːɾfɛ́ːr]

12. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːvúl]

50. láarpáat [lɑ́ːɾpɑ́ːt]

13. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːkún]

60. láarpéemée [lɑ́ːɾpɛ́ːmɛ́ː]

14. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːfɛ́ːr]

70. láapòovúl [lɑ́ːɾpɔ̀:vúl]

15. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːpɑ́ːtː]

80. láarpòokún [lɑ́ːɾpɔ̀:kún]

16. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɛ́ːmɛ́ː]

90. láarpòoféer [lɑ́ːɾ pɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]

17. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɔ̀:vúl]

100. hāmbál mɨ́ndòng [hɑ́mbɑ̀l mɨ́ndɔ̀̀ŋ]

18. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɔ̀:kún]

200. [hɑ̄mbɑ́l vúl], 400. [hɑ̄mbɑ́l fɛ́ːr]

19. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]

1000. ngɨ̀k mɨ́ndòng [nɡɨ̀k mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]

20. láarvúl [lɑ́ːɾvúl]

2000. ngɨ̀k vúl [nɡɨ̀k vúl]

 

Linguist providing data and dateː Ms Plangtong F. U. Joshua, SIL-Nigeria, September, 9, 2019, January 21, 2020.
供资料的语言学家: Ms Plangtong F. U. Joshua, 2019 年 9 月 9 日, 2020 年 1 月 21 日.

 

Other comments: Mwaghavul or Mupun/ Sura counting system is in base ten. There is also a possibility that initially the Mwaghavul system was in base five and then it was later developed to base ten. However looking at the counting system, base ten seems to be the real counting system because most of the counting stop at ten. Initially, Mwaghavul counting stopped at number 99 laarpoofeer-baapofeer [lɑːɾpɔ:fɛːr- bɑːpɔ:fɛːr]. The number for hundred and thousand were borrowed from Hausa, which are dari and dubu respectively. However in recent past years, the Mwaghavul bible translation committee decided to coin new words for Mwaghavul counting which include hundred, thousand, and million, which are [hɑmbɑl, nɡɨk, nɡɑl] respectively. These new words for hundred, thousand and million are based on the names of sacks used in the ancient Mwaghavul community. These sacks as their name implied were of different sizes therefore, the bigger the size the bigger the number it carries for example [nɡɑl] is bigger than [nɡɨk], and [nɡɨk] is bigger than [hɑmbɑl]. Hence [nɡɑl] is used for million, [nɡɨk] for thousand and [hɑmbɑl] for hundred.

   In Mwaghavul counting, the morpheme baa [bɑː] which means remainder or extra is used to join numbers below hundred but to join numbers above hundred the morpheme kɨ [kɨ] is used. For example, kaghapaat-baafeer [kɑɣɑpɑːt - bɑː fɛːr] fourteen, hambal mɨndong feer [hɑmbɑl mɨndɔ̀ŋ fɛːr) one hundred and fourteen.

Mwaghavul phoneme chart

(This table shows the different consonant phonemes in Mwaghavul. The phoneme and vowel charts are from Plangtong’s Phonology fieldwork research 2016.)

 

    Consonantsː

 

Bilabial

Labio-dental

Alveolar

Post alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Implosive

   ɓ

 

   ɗ

 

 

k, ɡ

 

Plosive

p, b

    

  t,d

       
Affricate       t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ      

Nasal

   m

  

  

  n

 

  ŋ

  

Tap

 

 

    

  ɾ

   

 

Fricative

 

f, v

 s, z

 ʃ, ʒ     ɣ

 h

Approx.

 

 

 l

 

j

  w  

 Vowelsː

 

Front

Central

Back

High

   i, i:

   ɨ, ɨː

 u, uː

Open-Mid

  ɛ, ɛː

   

 ɔ, ɔː

Open

  

 ɑ, ɑː

 

Language name and locationː Mwaghavul, Plateau State, Nigeria [Refer to Ethnologue]言名称和分布地区姆瓦格乌尔语 (穆鹏语 Mupun)尼日利亚中部高原州

 

1. mə́ndòŋ

21.   láar / làr və́l mə́ndòŋ

2. və́l

22.   láar / làr və́l və́l

3. kún

23.   láar / làr və́l kún

4. féer

24.   láar / làr və́l féer

5. páat

25.   láar / làr və́l páat

6. péemè  ( 5 + 1 )

26.   láar / làr və́l péem

7. póvə̀l  ( 5 + 2 )

27.   láar / làr və́l póvə̀l 

8. pòkún ( 5 + 3 )

28.   láar / làr və́l pòkún

9. pòféer   ( 5 + 4 )

29.   láar / làr və́l pòféer

10. kàapàt və́l ( 5 x 2 )  ???

30.   láar / làr kún

11. (kàapàt) bàa mə́ndòŋ

40.   láar / làr féer

12. (kàapàt) bàa və́l

50.   láar / làr páat

13. (kàapàt) bàa kún

60.   láar / làr péem

14. (kàapàt) bàa páat

70.   láar / làr póvə̀l 

15. (kàapàt) bàa pʰá:t

80.   láar / làr pòkún

16. (kàapàt) bàa péem

90.   láar / làr pòféer

17. (kàapàt) bàa póvə̀l 

100. láar kà páat  **  /dari ( < Hausa )

18. (kàapàt) bàa pòkún

200. dari və́l

19. (kàapàt) bàa pòféer

1000.də́bù  ( < Hausa 'dubu' )

20. láar / làr və́l *

2000. də́bu və́l

 

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Dr. Erin Shay, University of Colorado, USA, July 13, 2007.
供资料的语言学家: Prof. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Dr. Erin Shay, 2007 年 7 月 13 日.

 

Other comments: Mupun has a decimal system with five-based substructure. It seems the number 'ten' was originally constructed by ' 5 x 2 ' or 'two hands'. There are two forms for the number 'twenty'ː the first form 'láar 'is from Jipaari dialect;  the second is from Jing dialect. Erin Shay said that the number number 'láar kà páatwould possibly represent 500, not 100, actually 100 might be 'láar kàapát' ten ten,. Nowadays, people usually use the Hausa forms for 'hundred' and 'thousand'.


 

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