Mwaghavul

Language name and locationː Mwaghavul, Plateau State, Nigeria [Refer to Ethnologue]语言名称和分布地区: 姆瓦格乌尔语 (穆鹏语 Mupun), 尼日利亚中部高原州

1. mìndóŋ	21. láːr vìl k^jí mìndóŋ
2. vìl	22. láːr vìl k^jí vìl
3. kùn	23. láːr vìl k^jí kùn
4. féːr	24. láːr vìl k^jí féːr
5. páːt	25. láːr vìl k^jí páːt
6. péː méː	26. láːr vìl k^jí pé:mé:
7. p^wóː vìl	27. láːr vìl k^jí p^wóː vìl
8. p^wóː kùn	28. láːr vìl k^jí p^wóː kùn
9. p^wóː féːr	29. láːr vìl k^jí p^wóː f éː:r
10. sar / kaapat	30. láːr kùn
11. sár káː mìndóŋ	40. láːr féːr
12. sár káː vìl	50. láːr páːt
13. sár káː kùn	60. láːr péːméː
14. sár káː féːr	70. láːr p^wóː vìl
15. sár káː páːt	80. láːr p^wóː kùn
16. wár káː péːméː	90. láːr p^wóː féːr
17. sár káː p^wóː vìl	100. kámbìl mìndóŋ, 200. kámbìl vìl
18. sár káː p^wóː kùn	400. kámbìl féːr, 800. láːr p^wóː kùn
19. sár káː p^wóː féːr	1000. ŋgàl mìndóŋ
20. láːr vìl	2000. ŋgàl vil

Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. Adamu Ago Saleh, Department of African Languages and Cultures, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, October 6, 2021.
Informant: Mr. Tongvireng Dashuwa Josep
提供资料的语言学家: Mr. Adamu Ago Saleh, 2021 年 10 月 6 日.

Other comments: Mupun has a decimal system with five-based substructure. It seems
the number 'ten' was originally constructed by ' 5 x 2 ' or 'two hands'. Nowadays, people usually use the Hausa forms for 'hundred' and 'thousand'.

Language name and locationː Mwaghavul, Plateau State, Nigeria [Refer to Ethnologue]语言名称和分布地区: 姆瓦格乌尔语 (穆鹏语 Mupun), 尼日利亚中部高原州

1. mɨ́ndòng [mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]	21. [lɑːɾvul-bɑ́ mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]
2. vúl [vúl]	22. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːvúl]
3. kún [kún]	23. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːkún]
4. féer [fɛ́ːr]	24. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːfɛ́ːr]
5. páat [pɑ́ːt]	25. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɑ́ːt]
6. péemée [pɛ́ːmɛ́ː] ( 5 + 1 )	26. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɛ́ːmɛ́ː]
7. pòovúl [pɔ̀:vúl] ( 5 + 2 )	27. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɔ́:vúl]
8. pòokún [pɔ̀:kún] ( 5 + 3 )	28. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɔ̀:kún]
9. pòoféer [pɔ̀:fɛ́ːr] ( 5 + 4 )	29. [lɑ́ːɾvúl-bɑ́ːpɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]
10. kāghāpáat [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt]	30. láarkún [lɑ́ːɾkún]
11. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]	40. láarféer [lɑ́ːɾfɛ́ːr]
12. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːvúl]	50. láarpáat [lɑ́ːɾpɑ́ːt]
13. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːkún]	60. láarpéemée [lɑ́ːɾpɛ́ːmɛ́ː]
14. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːfɛ́ːr]	70. láapòovúl [lɑ́ːɾpɔ̀:vúl]
15. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ːpɑ́ːtː]	80. láarpòokún [lɑ́ːɾpɔ̀:kún]
16. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɛ́ːmɛ́ː]	90. láarpòoféer [lɑ́ːɾ pɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]
17. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɔ̀:vúl]	100. hāmbál mɨ́ndòng [hɑ́mbɑ̀l mɨ́ndɔ̀̀ŋ]
18. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɔ̀:kún]	200. [hɑ̄mbɑ́l vúl], 400. [hɑ̄mbɑ́l fɛ́ːr]
19. [kɑ̄ɣɑ̄pɑ́ːt-bɑ́ː pɔ̀:fɛ́ːr]	1000. ngɨ̀k mɨ́ndòng [nɡɨ̀k mɨ́ndɔ̀ŋ]
20. láarvúl [lɑ́ːɾvúl]	2000. ngɨ̀k vúl [nɡɨ̀k vúl]

Linguist providing data and dateː Ms Plangtong F. U. Joshua, SIL-Nigeria, September, 9, 2019, January 21, 2020.
提供资料的语言学家: Ms Plangtong F. U. Joshua, 2019 年 9 月 9 日, 2020 年 1 月 21 日.

Other comments: Mwaghavul or Mupun/ Sura counting system is in base ten. There is also a possibility that initially the Mwaghavul system was in base five and then it was later developed to base ten. However looking at the counting system, base ten seems to be the real counting system because most of the counting stop at ten. Initially, Mwaghavul counting stopped at number 99 laarpoofeer-baapofeer [lɑːɾpɔ:fɛːr- bɑːpɔ:fɛːr]. The number for hundred and thousand were borrowed from Hausa, which are dari and dubu respectively. However in recent past years, the Mwaghavul bible translation committee decided to coin new words for Mwaghavul counting which include hundred, thousand, and million, which are [hɑmbɑl, nɡɨk, nɡɑl] respectively. These new words for hundred, thousand and million are based on the names of sacks used in the ancient Mwaghavul community. These sacks as their name implied were of different sizes therefore, the bigger the size the bigger the number it carries for example [nɡɑl] is bigger than [nɡɨk], and [nɡɨk] is bigger than [hɑmbɑl]. Hence [nɡɑl] is used for million, [nɡɨk] for thousand and [hɑmbɑl] for hundred.

In Mwaghavul counting, the morpheme baa [bɑː] which means remainder or extra is used to join numbers below hundred but to join numbers above hundred the morpheme kɨ [kɨ] is used. For example, kaghapaat-baafeer [kɑɣɑpɑːt - bɑː fɛːr] fourteen, hambal mɨndong kɨ feer [hɑmbɑl mɨndɔ̀ŋ kɨ fɛːr) one hundred and fourteen.

Mwaghavul phoneme chart

(This table shows the different consonant phonemes in Mwaghavul. The phoneme and vowel charts are from Plangtong’s Phonology fieldwork research 2016.)

Consonantsː

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Implosive	ɓ		ɗ			k, ɡ
Plosive	p, b		t,d
Affricate				t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ
Nasal	m			n		ŋ
Tap				ɾ
Fricative		f, v	s, z	ʃ, ʒ		ɣ	h
Approx.			l		j	w

Vowelsː

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, i:	ɨ, ɨː	u, uː
Open-Mid	ɛ, ɛː		ɔ, ɔː
Open		ɑ, ɑː

Language name and locationː Mwaghavul, Plateau State, Nigeria [Refer to Ethnologue]语言名称和分布地区: 姆瓦格乌尔语 (穆鹏语 Mupun), 尼日利亚中部高原州

1. mə́ndòŋ	21. láar / làr və́l mə́ndòŋ
2. və́l	22. láar / làr və́l və́l
3. kún	23. láar / làr və́l kún
4. féer	24. láar / làr və́l féer
5. páat	25. láar / làr və́l páat
6. péemè ( 5 + 1 )	26. láar / làr və́l péemè
7. póvə̀l ( 5 + 2 )	27. láar / làr və́l póvə̀l
8. pòkún ( 5 + 3 )	28. láar / làr və́l pòkún
9. pòféer ( 5 + 4 )	29. láar / làr və́l pòféer
10. kàapàt və́l ( 5 x 2 ) ???	30. láar / làr kún
11. (kàapàt) bàa mə́ndòŋ	40. láar / làr féer
12. (kàapàt) bàa və́l	50. láar / làr páat
13. (kàapàt) bàa kún	60. láar / làr péemè
14. (kàapàt) bàa páat	70. láar / làr póvə̀l
15. (kàapàt) bàa pʰá:t	80. láar / làr pòkún
16. (kàapàt) bàa péemè	90. láar / làr pòféer
17. (kàapàt) bàa póvə̀l	100. láar kà páat ** /dari ( < Hausa )
18. (kàapàt) bàa pòkún	200. dari və́l
19. (kàapàt) bàa pòféer	1000.də́bù ( < Hausa 'dubu' )
20. láar / làr və́l *	2000. də́bu və́l

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Dr. Erin Shay, University of Colorado, USA, July 13, 2007.
提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Dr. Erin Shay, 2007 年 7 月 13 日.

Other comments: Mupun has a decimal system with five-based substructure. It seems the number 'ten' was originally constructed by ' 5 x 2 ' or 'two hands'. There are two forms for the number 'twenty'ː the first form 'láar 'is from Jipaari dialect; the second is from Jing dialect. Erin Shay said that the number number 'láar kà páat' would possibly represent 500, not 100, actually 100 might be 'láar kàapát' ten ten,. Nowadays, people usually use the Hausa forms for 'hundred' and 'thousand'.

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