Language name and locationː Hixkaryána, Pará state, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]
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1. towenyxa /tɔweɲʃæ/ * |
2. asako /æsækɔ/ |
3. osorwawo /ɔsɔɾwæwɔ/ |
4. towtɨnke rye / tɔwtɯnke ɾ̨e/ * |
5. kamorɨ ɨrakayo me / kæmɔɾɯ ɯɾækæyɔ /* |
10. kamothɨrɨ tkatxehkaxe ro / kæmɔɾɯ /* |
Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Desmond Derbyshire, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Brazil, May 3, 1994. Dr. Henk Courtz, SIL International, February 9, 2009. Additional information provided by Miss Laura Kalin, third year graduate student, Department of Linguistics,, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. September 28, 2012. Checked by Dr. Sérgio Meira, Paraense Museu Goeldi-CCH, Department Member, Brazil, April 1, 2015. 提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Desmond Derbyshire, 1994 年 5 月 3 日, Dr. Henk Courtz, 2009 年 2 月 9 日. |
Other comments: Hixkaryána is spoken by approximately 1,200 speakers in Pará and Amazonas states: upper Nhamunda river to Mapuera and Jatapu rivers. Hixkaryána has only three words for numerals. These words are clearly related to the Carib words òwin 'one', oko 'two' and oruwa 'three'. Derbyshire mentions that Hixkaryana <ny> is a lamino-postalveolar nasal, IPA [ɲ] and <x>is a lamino-postalveolar fricative (comparable to English <sh> as in shoe, IPA [ʃ]; r is an apico-alveolar flap [ɾ], ry an apico-postalveolar flap with a distinct lateral release [ ɾ̨ ]. Semivowelsː w close back rounded, y close front unrounded [j]: Vowelsː e close to close-mid front, a open front [æ], ɨ close back unrounded [ɯ], u close back rounded, o mid back [ɔ].There are the following Word-initial consonant clusters kr, kry, kh, kw, ky, th, tw, tk, sw, and xw occur. In Dr. Desmond Derbyshire's 1985 book, which mentioned the following about Hixkaryána numeralsː There are only three basic numerals in everyday use in Hixkaryána: towenyxa: towenyxa. 'one' ( it is also used with the meaning 'alone, singly'); asako 'two, a couple or so'; and osorwawo 'three, a few'. As the glosses for the last two forms indicate, they are sometimes used with out precision as to quantity. The form harata me 'three' is occasionally used instead of osorwawo ( it is derived from the N, harata 'three-pronged fishing arrow', followed by the R me 'DENOMI NALIZER ', which makes it possible to use it as an adverbial ). Even more rarely, three other derived forms are used as numerals: towtɨnke rye 'four' ( derived adverb towtɨnke 'having a sibling', followed by the discourse particle rye 'SAMENESS'); kamorɨɨrakayo me 'five' (kamorɨ 'our (I NCL.) h and (s) " ; 'rakayo' divided part, half', me 'DENOMI NAL I ZER '); kamothɨrɨ tkatxehkaxe ro 'ten' (kamothɨrɨ 'our (INCL) hand(s), PAS T POSSN', tkatxehkaxe' completely', which is a derived A, and the Prt ro 'completely'). In recent years Portuguese numerals have come to be used freely and much more precisely than the traditional ones. They are incorporated as N, but they are normally used as A by adding the R me. The only quantifier that function as A are: yake 'many', omeroro 'all ', and the derived forms yakehra 'few, not many', thenyehra 'much , many', twahake 'how much? ', and twararo 'how many?' . Dr. Sérgio Meira (2015) helped checking the old data Dr. Desmond Derbyshire provided years ago and said it is correct with his own recordings. |
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