Amahuaca / Amawaka

Language name and locationː Amahuaca, Peru, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿马华卡语, 秘鲁东部乌卡亚利大区和巴西境内亚马逊雨林

Table 1ː The most used and accepted original numerals without variations

1. [tɪ́ː] ‘one’

2. [ɾāwɨ̄] ‘two’

3. [cīmᵇīˈʃá] / ‘three’ (loanword from Quechua 'kimʃa')

4. [ɾāwɨ̄-ɾīkɨ́-ɾāwɨ́-ɾɨ̀] ‘four’ or ‘two and two’

5. [mɨ̄kɨ̃́ʃtɪ̄] ‘five’ ‘hand-one’ (with the epenthetic [ʃ])

Table 2ː All known numerals with variations

1. [tɪ́ː] ‘one’

2. [ɾāwɨ̄] /[ɾáwɨ̄-tã̀] ‘two’

3. [cīmᵇīˈʃá]/ [cīmᵇīˈʃá=wò]/ [ɾāwɨ̄-hākɨ̃́ʃtī] ‘three’, [ɾāwɨ̄-hākɨ̃́ʃtī] ‘two and one’

4. [ɾāwɨ̄-ɾīkɨ́-ɾāwɨ́-ɾɨ̀]/[ɾāwɨ̄-ɾāwɨ̄-kɨ̃̀-ɾāwɨ́-ɾāwɨ̄] ‘four’, [-ɾíwī ] means ‘also’

5. [mɨ̄kɨ̃́ʃtī]/ [mɨ̄kɨ̃́ʃtɪ̄=wò]/[mɨ̄kɨ̃́ʃtɪ̄-cíjò] ‘five’ [mɨ̄kɨ̃́ʃtɪ̄-cíjò] ‘hand-entire’

6. [ɾāwɨ̄-ɾíwī-kɨ̃̀]/[ɾāwɨ̄ɾíwīkɨ̃̀ʃtì] ‘six’

7. [mɨ̄kɨ̃̄-tóʔāʃtɪ̀-nácīʔà] ‘seven’ [tóʔā] ‘big’, the [nácīʔà] part is unknown to me

8. [mɨ̄kɨ̃̄-pápī:-kɨ̃̀-kɨ̄tā-ʔáx] ‘eight’ [pápī] /[pápī:-kɨ̃̀] ‘(river)bank’

9. [ɾāwɨ̄-ɾíwī-kɨ̃̀]/[[ɾāwɨ̄-ɾíwī-kɨ̃̀ʃtɪ̀ hàkɨ̃̀] /[ɾāwɨ̄ɾíwīkɨ̃̀] /[ɾāwɨ̄-ɾíwī́] ‘nine’

10. [mɨ̄kɨ̃̄-cíjò] ‘ten’

15. [mɨ̄kɨ̃̄-cíjò] / [hākɨ̃̄ tāʔɨ́ʃtì] ‘fifteen’ [tāʔɨ́ ] ‘foot’

20. [mɨ̄kɨ̃̄--cíjò hākɨ̃̄ tāʔɨ́ cíjò] ‘twenty’ [hand-entire-hàkɨ̃̀-foot-entire]

The tables above show that there was/(is) probably not a socially established numeric system for expressing high numbers among the Amawaka. Another related language, Shipibo-Konibo, has borrowed and phonologically readapted a decimal numeric system from Quechua, the Amazonian Lingua Franca in Peru, probably through the influence of Franciscan missionaries in earlier centuries (Fleck, 2013). In Amawaka, the story of numbers is not clear yet. Most of the people nowadays use Spanish numbers (limited or extended code-switching technique in their discourse) for higher numerals than ‘five’ or they also use the constructed long Amawaka numerals

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Charitini Karadamou, Universität Bern, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Länggassstrasse 49, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, November 2, 2018.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Charitini Karadamou, 2018 年 11 月 2 日.

Other comments: Amahuaca or Amawaka is spoken by approximately 520 speakers in

Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions: scattered on Aguaytía, Curanja, Curiuja, Inuya, Las Piedras, Mapuya, Purus, Sepahua, Upper Ucayali, and Yuruá rivers; Southeast Amazon basin, Peru as well as Brazil. The numerical system of Amawaka is, like in other Panoan languages, relatively simple. Originally, there are three-five numerals, which everybody recognizes and uses. I use the term ‘three-five’, since all the Amawaka agree in the usage of the numbers from ‘one’ to ‘three’, without any variations. ‘Four’ and ‘five’ are expressed in different ways, if at all. The rest of the numbers (6-9) may be constructs created in the 20th century (hypothesis, need to check other grammars etc.) during the contact with missionaries and Westerners in general. As for the numbers 10, 15 and 20, the words for ‘hand’ and ‘foot’ are combined with the quantifier [-cījō] ‘everything/all’. The rest of the numbers, if expressed at all (since they are very rare), are expressed by adding the above-mentioned numbers and using the conjunctions [-ya] ‘and’ and the clitic [=wɨ́tã̄ ] ‘with’. The morpheme [ɾíwī] ‘also’ is also used

Language name and locationː Amahuaca, Peru, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿马华卡语, 秘鲁东部乌卡亚利大区和巴西境内亚马逊雨林

1. tíí ='tiː

2. rávuu, rávutan ='raβuu

3. químshá (<Quechua )='kimʃa

4. [ɾāw8̄-ɾīk8́ -ɾāw8̀ -ɾì 41] ‘four’ or ‘two and two’ (2+2)

5. [m8̄k8̃ ́ʃtɪ̄] ‘five’ ‘hand-one’ (with the epenthetic [ʃ]) múcun - rámisti ='mukũ

(litː ''hand one'', múcun=hand)

6. rávuurívicún, rávuurivicúnstii = 'raβuː'riβikũ

7. múcun-tóhastináquiha = 'mukũ-tohastinakiha

8. múcun-papiicun-cutaháx = 'mukũ papiːkũ-kutahax

9. rávuurívicún, rávuurivicúnstii jacun rávuurívicún, rávuuríví

10. múcun-quíyoo = 'mukũ-kijoː (litː hands)

15. múcun-quíyoo, jacun tahústii

20. múcun-quíyoo, jacun tóhuquíyoo

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Stephen Parker, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Peru, January 3, 1994.

Sourceː Hyde, Sylvia 1980. Diccionario Amahuaca. Serie Lingüística Peruana no.7. Yarinacocha, Pucallpa, Peruː Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Stephen Parker 1994 年 1 月 3 日.

Other comments: Amahuaca or Amawaka is spoken by approximately 520 speakers in

Madre de Dios and Ucayali regions: scattered on Aguaytía, Curanja, Curiuja, Inuya, Las Piedras, Mapuya, Purus, Sepahua, Upper Ucayali, and Yuruá rivers; Southeast Amazon basin, Peru as well as Brazil. Like most Panoan languages, Amahuaca does not have many numbers words. It is possible to count up to twenty using hands or feet.

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