Language name and locationː Inkarîkok, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿卡沃约语 (印加里科语 Inɡarikó), 圭亚那西北部库尤尼-马扎鲁尼区马扎鲁尼河盆地及巴西, 委内瑞拉境内

1. tiwin, one (finger)

2. asakrë, two (fingers)

3. osoruwau, three (fingers)

4. asakërëkne (asakrëkne) literallyː 'two pairs of fingers together' (four)

5. tiwin miyak, literallyː 'one hand' (five)

6. tiwin miyak (pona) tiwin (miyak) putu

7. tiwin miyak (pona) asakrëne (miyak) putu

8. tiwin miyak (pona) osoruwaune (miyak) putu

9. tiwin miyak (pona) asakërëkne (miyak) putu

10. asakrë miyak (miyak tanporo)

20. twin kakpon

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Maria Odileiz Sousa Cruz, Federal University of Roraima (Universidade Federal de Roraima), Roraima, Brazil, August 1, 2017, June 27, 2023.

Reference sourceː CRUZ, Maria Odileiz Sousa. Fonologia e Gramática Inkarîkok. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2005 (PhD. Dissertation). Based on fieldwork in Manalai Village (1999-2002) in Roraima, Brazil.

提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Maria Odileiz Sousa Cruz, 2017 年 8 月 1 日. 2023 年 6 月 27 日.

Other comments: Kapong is spoken by approximately 6,380 speakers in Cuyuni-Mazaruni region: Mazaruni river basin, north of Patamona, Guyana as well as Venezuela and Brazil. Kapon language are included Akawaio, Inkarîkok and Patamona dialects.

In Inkarîkok there are several ways to organizing the cardinal system.

I consider two groups: Old Model and New Model. The first group includes old speaker and the second young speaker (teachers, students and young people).

Old Model includes the base of a hand. This means after 4 (up to four) you have a unit (a handful = 5). After 5 the count reference is always putting one hand in front of the other hand and freely combining.

In my dissertation I considered that the Cardinal Inkarîkok system would be based on quinary. But today I think the system is binary* or at most tertiary.

Since the count after 3 becomes the repetition of 2 = 4 which lexical sources are

number 2. The system closes when you complete a unity Set 20= one man

(TIWIN KAKPON = 2 hand ful and 2 feet ful).

* In my hypnotize, number 2 has a lexical root like asa~asak, and number 3

has oso~osoru (asakrë and osoruwau respectively). If I considered the same source to number 3, it could be derivation from number 2 too. Notes: a-(two possibilities)

b- translate: miyak=hand; putu=finger, pîta=foot, pona=to, KAKPON (person,

one person, people from sky).

Language name and locationː Akawaio, Guyana, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿卡沃约语 (印加里科语 Inɡarikó), 圭亚那西北部库尤尼-马扎鲁尼区马扎鲁尼河盆地及巴西, 委内瑞拉境内

1. tiwin, one (finger)

2. asakrë, two (fingers)

3. osoruwau, three (fingers)

4. asakrëkne, literallyː 'two pairs of fingers together' (four)

5. asakrëkne pona tiwin (tiwin miyak)

6. asakrëkne pona asakrë *

7. asakrëkne pona osoruwau *

8. asakrëknan pona asakërëkne *

9. asakrëknan pona asakërëkne pona tiwin *

10. asakrëknan pona asakërëkne pona asakrë (asakrë miyak)

11. asakrëknan pona asakërëkne pona osoruwau *

12. asakrëknan pona asakërëkne pona asakrëkne *

20. twin kakpon

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Maria Odileiz Souza Cruz, Federal University of Roraima (Universidade Federal de Roraima), Roraima, Brazil, May 29, 2017.

Reference sourceː Maria Odileiz Sousa Cruz, Mauricio Larangera Sales Ingaricó, Samuel Camilo Williams. Boa Vista - Roraima - May - 2017.

提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Maria Odileiz Souza Cruz, 2017 年 8 月 1 日.

Other comments: In Inkarîkok there are several ways to organizing the cardinal system.

New Model indicates the different possibilities to organize the numeral system described by the younger speakers which act as teachers at schools. The counting base follows the same logic as the Old Model representation, but after 10 they trying freely combining and adaptation to new demands about white society school's knowledge. For instance, you have after 4 one unit (a handful =5). To other hand the speakers select the number 4 to continue their count.

Note that:

a- (two possibilities) b- translate: miyak=hand; putu=finger, pîta=foot, pona=to c- * The word putu is underlying on end of this periphrasis Numerical. The speakers recognize the structure, so putu becomes optional in the surface structure.

Language name and locationː Akawaio, Guyana, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿卡沃约语 (印加里科语 Inɡarikó), 圭亚那西北部库尤尼-马扎鲁尼区马扎鲁尼河盆地及巴西, 委内瑞拉境内

1. tiwin, one (finger)

2. asakrë, two (fingers)

3. osoruwau, three (fingers)

4. asakërëkne, literallyː 'two pairs of fingers together' (four)

5. tiwin miyak, literallyː 'one hand' (five)

6. tiwin miya (pona) twin (miyak) potu

7. tiwin (pona) asakrëne (miyak) potu

8. tiwin (pona) osoruwaune (miyak) potu

9. tiwin (pona) asakërëkne (miyak) potu

10. asakrëkne miyak (miyak tanporo)

15. asakrëkne miyak (pona) tiwin pita

20. twin kakpon

Linguist providing data and dateː Profa Dra. Maria Odileiz Souza Cruz, Federal University of Roraima (Universidade Federal de Roraima), Roraima, Brazil, May 29, 2017.

Reference sourceː Maria Odileiz Sousa Cruz, Mauricio Larangera Sales Ingaricó, Samuel Camilo Williams. Boa Vista - Roraima - May - 2017.

提供资料的语言学家: Profa Dra. Maria Odileiz Souza Cruz, 2017 年 8 月 1 日.

Other comments: In Inkarîkok there are several ways to organizing the cardinal system.

New Model indicates the different possibilities to organize the numeral system described by the young speakers such as teachers in Amerindian school.

Note that:

a- translate: ipona=her or his hand or finger (pona=postposition possession form); b- the number 12 bring a plural suffix -nan ~ -an.

Language name and locationː Akawaio, Guyana, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿卡沃约语 (印加里科语 Inɡarikó), 圭亚那西北部库尤尼-马扎鲁尼区马扎鲁尼河盆地及巴西, 委内瑞拉境内

1. tiwin, one (finger)

2. asakrë, two (fingers)

3. osoruwau, three (fingers)

4. asakërëkne, literallyː 'two pairs of fingers together' (four)

5. tiwin miyak, literallyː 'one hand' (five)

6. tiwin miyak pona tiwin miyak putu

7. tiwin miyak pona asakrë miyak putu

8. tiwin miyak pona osoruwau miyak putu

9. tiwin miyak pona asakërëʔne miyak putu

10. asakrë miyak

11. asakrë miyak pona tiwin pîta putu

12. asakrë miyak pona asakrë pîta putu

13. asakrë miyak pona osoruwau pîta putu

14. asakrë miyak pona asakërëkne pîta putu

15. asakrë miyak pona tiwin pîta

16. asakrë miyak pona tiwin pîta pona tiwin pîta putu

17. asakrë miyak pona tiwin pîta pona asakrë pîta putu

18. asakrë miyak pona tiwin pîta pona osoruwau pîta putu

19. asakrë miyak pona tiwin pîta pona asakërëkne pîta putu

20. tiwin kakpon, literallyː one man, which mean twenty fingers. (twenty)

Linguist providing data and dateː Profa Dra. Maria Odileiz Souza Cruz, Federal University of Roraima (Universidade Federal de Roraima), Roraima, Brazil, May 29, 2017.

提供资料的语言学家: Profa Dra. Maria Odileiz Souza Cruz, 2017 年 8 月 1 日.

Other comments: In Inkarîkok there are several ways to organizing the cardinal system.

New Model above shows a system description numerical full. After number 4 (up to four) the speakers started with the bases unit 5 = (a handful); and after 10 they included a foot unit (pîta). Next 20 the reference is putting one man in front of the other man, but they can use a free variation.

Other higher numbers:

21: tiwin kakpon pona tiwin turënne kakpon inna putu

22. tiwin kakpon pona asakrë turënne kakpon inna putu

23. tiwin kakpon pona osoruwau turënne kakpon inna putu

24. tiwin kakpon pona asakërëʔne turënne kakpon inna putu

25. tiwin kakpon pona miyak turënne kakpon miyak

26. tiwin kakpon pona miyak turënne kakpon miyak tiwin miyak putu

27. tiwin kakpon pona miyak turënne kakpon miyak asakrë miyak putu

28. tiwin kakpon pona miyak turënne kakpon miyak osoruwau miyak putu

29. tiwin kakpon pona miyak turënne kakpon miyak asakërëʔne miyak putu

30. asakrë kakpon pona asakrë turënne kakpon inna

40. asakrë kakpon

80. asakrë kakpon pona asakrë kakpon

Note that: a- translate: inya=her or his hand (possession form).

Partial Conclusion: Although it is a relatively simple numerical system, the combinations’ possibilities that result in variations make a complex system, for instance: when the suffixes appear -nan ~ -an (plural affirmative, links answer plus evidential situation); beside this -ne is a suffix that appointed to plural assertive also. When you have the plural forms both of them can be realized on the same structure, for example:

Asakërëknan pona asakërëkne ipona = 12

Asakërëknan pona asakërëkne osoruwau ipona = 15

The complexity of this system also forms by the name in the possessed form miyak hand (inya=her-his hand); also by postposition in possessed form (i-pona). But include also word are on subjacent structure like (pona), (miyak) in Tiwin miyak (pona) asakërëkne (miyak) putu and (putu) in Asakrëkne pona asakrë (not appears) those example depend of conversations.

Let´s think about the possibilities for this Numeral system:

1) Binaries’ system or system's base 2: that base 2 effects derive from general constraints of symmetry. I am meaning (two fingers, two hands side by side and two feet side by side, one man side by side). If I considered that number 3 has a little morphology from number 2 I have a system's base 2. Although I have not yet motivation substantiated to number 3.

2) The Numeral system in Inkarîkok is incomplete and needs more research.

Language name and locationː Akawaio, Guyana, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿卡沃约语 (印加里科语 Inɡarikó), 圭亚那西北部库尤尼-马扎鲁尼区马扎鲁尼河盆地及巴西, 委内瑞拉境内

1. tiɡinɡ [ti.'ɡiŋ]

2. azaʔrî [ʔɑ.zə.ʔɾɨ]

3. ozorûwau ['ʔo.zo.ɾɯ.'wɑu]

4. azaɡîrîʔne ['ʔɑ.zə.ɡɨ.'ɾɨʔ.ne] *

5. tiiɡiinɡnö eemiiya (litː 'one hand')

6. tiiɡiinɡnö eemiiya boona tiiɡiinɡnö eemiiya muuɡuupö ( litː 'one hand and one')

7. tiiɡiinɡnö eemiiya boona azarö eemiiya muuɡuupö ( litː 'one hand' and two')

8. tiiɡiinɡnö eemiiya boona oozourau eemiiya muuɡuupö ( litː 'one hand' and three')

9. tiiɡiinɡnö eemiiya boona azaɡöröne eemiiya muuɡuupö ( litː 'one hand' and four')

10. azarö eemiiya muuɡuu podong ( litː 'two hands' )

11. azarö eemiiya muuɡuupö boona tiiɡiinɡnö pïda muuɡuupö

12. azarö eemiiya muuɡuupö boona azarö pïda muuɡuupö

13. azarö eemiiya muuɡuupö boona oozourau pïda muuɡuupö

14. azarö eemiiya muuɡuupö boona azaɡöröne pïda muuɡuupö

15. azarö eemiiya muuɡuupö boona tamboro pïda muuɡuupö

16. tamboro eemiiya tiiɡiinɡnö pïda boona tiiɡiinɡnö pïda muuɡuupö

17. tamboro eemiiya tiiɡiinɡnö pïda boona azarö pïda muuɡuupö

18. tamboro eemiiya tiiɡiinɡnö pïda boona oozourau pïda muuɡuupö

19. tamboro eemiiya tiiɡiinɡnö pïda boona azaɡöröne pïda muuɡuupö

20. tamboro eemiiya muuɡuupö boona tamboro pïda muuɡuupö donɡ

Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. Ray Stegeman, SIL International, October 9, 2008.

提供资料的语言学家: Mr. Ray Stegeman, 2008 年 10 月 9 日.

Other comments: Akawaio (Kapon) or Inkarîkok, Kapóng is spoken by approxiamtely

6,380 speakers in Cuyuni-Mazaruni region: Mazaruni river basin, north of Patamona, Guyana as well as Venezuela and Brazil.

Akawaio has four numbers 1 to 4 still in use. Some have told us that for five, they used to say "one hand", and then six is "one hand one", seven is "one hand two", eight is "one hand three", nine is "one hand four" and ten is "two hands". Suffice it to say that the Akawaio don't have extensive counters, and their culture shows an incredible indifference to being exact with numbers. It's just not important to them. The above additional numbers from 5 to 20 were recorded in the book 'An Introduction to the Akawaio and Arekuna People' editorː Walter F. Edwards, University of Guyana, 1977. It seemed they can to count up to eighty-five follow this pattern, but this clumsy old counting was not used any more. Note that the (') mark in numbers 1 to 4 represents stress and is on the syllable following the mark.

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