Language name and locationː Achuar-Shiwiar, Ecuador, Peru [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿丘亚尔-希维阿尔语, 厄瓜多尔厄瓜多尔东南部安第斯山脉向亚马平原的过度地带莫罗纳-圣地亚哥省及秘鲁境内

1. (ti)kít͡ʃik

2. hímʲar

3. kampatám

10. hímʲar uwɨ́h (litː '' two hands'') / hú uwɨ́h máʃ hu uwɨ́h ( litː ''both hands finished'')

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Martin Kohlberger. Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University, Netherlands, August 11, 2020. Referenceː  Kohlberger, M.. A Grammatical Description of Shiwiar. Doctoral Thesis. LOT dissertation series. Issue Date: 2020-06-29
提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Martin Kohlberger, 2020 年 8 月 11 日

Other comments: Shiwiar is a language spoken by around 1,200 people in the Amazonian lowlands of eastern Ecuador and northern Peru.  It belongs to the Chicham (Jivaroan) language family. This work is the first grammatical description of the language, and it is based on a 30-hour audio-visual corpus of natural speech, collected over 12 months of fieldwork between 2011 and 2016 in the Pastaza province of Ecuador. Shiwiar has a very limited set of numerals. Only the five numerals in the above table appear in the corpus. Of those, only the top three are frequent; the last two only appear sporadically and are produced in different ways by different speakers. It should be noted that this type of system is not surprising given the areal context: numeral systems with limits below the number 5 or 10 are very common across South America (Epps et al. 2012: 52–54). Numerals in Shiwiar are non-gradable adjectives, i.e. they cannot be intensified with the markers discussed. However, like other adjectives, they most often occur as modifiers, and they can appear either before or after the noun, as shown in. They can also appear on their own and take on referential function.  In other Chicham languages, numerals are not analysed as adjectives, but rather as quantifiers, because they cannot combine with case morphology (Overall 2017a: 413; Peña 2015: 403). As can be seen, this analysis does not hold for Shiwiar. Apart from their non-gradable nature, numerals in Shiwiar behave morphologically and syntactically like any other adjective in the language. The numeral (ti)kít͡ʃik 'one' has slightly different forms depending on the position it appears in. Example (7.58) shows the numeral in its citation form, whereas example (7.59) shows the same numeral in modifying function, placed immediately before the noun. Note that in the latter situation there is an accent shift to the final syllable. This is expected given the tendencies in Shiwiar accent placement described in §5.3.3. However, if the numeral appears after the noun it modifies, as in (7.60), it retains its citation form. The variation in the presence or absence of the first syllable /ti/ is not meaningful; the syllable is often included in careful speech but omitted in free-flowing conversation. The etymological origin of (ti)kít͡ʃik 'one' is clearly a combination of the demonstrative (ti)kít͡ʃ 'another' and the restrictive clitic =k(ɨ/i). This claim is not only apparent from the form of the word in isolation, but further strengthened by the fact that when this numeral is inflected for case, the case enclitic appears between the root and the restrictive clitic, as shown in (7.61). This etymological origin is unsurprising from an areal 220 Nominal Morphology and the Noun Phrase perspective: South American terms for the number 'one' are very frequently related to demonstratives or the word meaning 'alone' (Epps et al. 2012: 67). The numeral hímʲar 'two' also has different forms depending on its position. Example (7.62) shows the numeral in isolation. When it appears before a noun in modifying function, as in (7.63), there is an additional final vowel and an accent shift towards the end. However, like for the numeral 'one', if it appears after the noun it modifies it retains its citation form. This is shown in (7.64). The etymological origins of hímʲar 'two' are unclear, but it is interesting to note that the first syllable of the word resembles the Shiwiar word for 'eye': hi ́ĩ. The reason why this is noteworthy is that the term for 'eye' has been identified as a common etymological source for the numeral 'two' in South American languages (Epps et al. 2012: 67). Adjectives 221.Unlike the previous two numerals, the numeral kampatám 'three' does not have different forms depending on its position. This is shown by examples (7.65) and (7.66). However, given that word-final nasal stops are optionally elided in fast speech (see §5.2.2), the final /m/ is sometimes dropped, as can be seen in (7.67). The etymological origin of this numeral is unclear. Although it is not nearly as frequent as the numerals preceding it, Shiwiar speakers do occasionally use the numeral 'five'. As in very many other South American languages (Epps et al. 2012: 67), this numeral is straightforwardly derived from the word 'hand': uwɨ́h. However, there is substantial variation in how this numeral is produced. It can either appear on its own, as in (7.68), or it can appear in a carrier construction, as in (7.69) and (7.70). The construction in (7.69), meaning 'all this hand', refers to all the five fingers in one hand, and is usually accompanied by a gesture of a closed fist. The construction in (7.70), meaning 'where the hand is sitting', is less transparent etymologically, but it is also accompanied by a gesture of a closed fist. 222 Nominal Morphology and the Noun Phrase.
Finally, the numeral 'five' can be used to form higher numbers, but this only happens very rarely in the corpus. One strategy is to use the terms for 'five' iteratively in an additive sense. This is shown in (7.71), where 'this hand all, this hand', crucially accompanied with a gesture showing one closed fist first and then another closed fist, means 'ten'. Another strategy is to use five as a base and combine it with other numerals in a multiplicative sense, as in (7.72), where 'two hands' means 'ten'.  

Language name and locationː Achuar-Shiwiar, Ecuador, Peru [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 阿丘亚尔-希维阿尔语, 厄瓜多尔厄瓜多尔东南部安第斯山脉向亚马平原的过度地带莫罗纳-圣地亚哥省及秘鲁境内

1. čikíčikɪk 

2. hímʸɛr

3. kambátam

Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. Roy H. Gleason, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Ecuador, March 16, 1990.
提供资料的语言学家: Mr. Roy H. Gleason, 1990 年 3 月 16 日

Other comments: Achuar-Shiwiar is spoken by approximately 7,900 speakers, included

2,900 Achuar and 580 Shiwiar in Morona-Santiago province: Taisha canton, Huasaga; Pastaza province: Pastaza canton, Montalvo and Simón Bolívar communities. Between Conambo, Macuma, and Pindoyacu rivers, north to Achuar, Alto Corrientes, and Pindoyacu communities, south to Peru border, Ecuador as well as Peru. 

Achuar-Shiwiar has a very limited set of numerals. Only the traditional numbers 1 to 5 and 10 still used. č = IPA [tʃ]