Language name and location: Ulwa, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 乌尔瓦语 (姚尔语 Yaul), 巴布亚新几内亚东锡皮克省

1. kwe ~ kwa

21.  a^ŋɡai̯ wata^ŋɡɨnila kwe mowon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

2. nini

22.  a^ŋɡai̯ wata^ŋɡɨnila minwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

3. lele

23.  a^ŋɡai̯ wata^ŋɡɨnila lele ⁿdɨwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

4. wata^ŋɡɨnila

24.  a^ŋɡai̯ wata^ŋɡɨnilakwe ⁿdɨwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

5. a^ŋɡai̯ (kwe)

25.  a^ŋɡai̯ a^ŋɡai ~ nali nini a^ŋɡai̯

6. a^ŋɡai̯ kwe kwe mowon ⁿdɨwatlɨp  (5+1)

26.  a^ŋɡai̯ a^ŋɡai kwe mowon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

7. a^ŋɡai̯ kwe nini minwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp (5+2)

27.  a^ŋɡai̯ a^ŋɡai nini minwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

8. a^ŋɡai̯ kwe lele ⁿdɨwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp (5+3)

28.  a^ŋɡai̯ a^ŋɡai lele ⁿdɨwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

9.  a^ŋɡai̯ kwe wata^ŋɡɨnila ⁿdɨwon

     ⁿdɨwatlɨp (5+4)

29.  a^ŋɡai̯ a^ŋɡai wata^ŋɡɨnila ⁿdɨwon

      ⁿdɨwatlɨp

10. a^ŋɡai̯ nini ~ nali (kwe)

30.  nali lele

11. a^ŋɡai̯ nini mowon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

    ~ nali kwe kwe

40.  nali wataⁿɡinila 

12. a^ŋɡai̯ nini minwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp  

    ~ nali kwe nini

50.  nali a^ŋɡai̯ ~ ankam uⁿduwan

13. a^ŋɡai̯ nini lele ⁿdɨwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp  

   ~ nali kwe ⁿdɨwon

60.  ankam uⁿduwan nali (kwe)

14. a^ŋɡai̯ nini wata^ŋɡɨnila ⁿdɨwon

     ⁿdɨwatlɨp ~ nali kwe wata^ŋɡɨnila

70.  ankam uⁿduwan nali nini

15. a^ŋɡai̯ lele

80.  ankam uⁿduwan nali lele

16. a^ŋɡai̯ lele kowan ⁿdɨwatlɨp

90.  ankam uⁿduwan nali wata^ŋɡɨnila

17. a^ŋɡai̯ lele nini minwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp  

100. uta (kwe)

18. a^ŋɡai̯ lele lele ⁿdɨwon ⁿdɨwatlɨp

200. uta nini, 300. uta lele

19. a^ŋɡai̯ lele wata^ŋɡɨnila ⁿdɨwon

     ⁿdɨwatlɨp  

20. a^ŋɡai̯ wata^ŋɡɨnila ~ nali nini

       ~  lamⁿdu unduwan

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Russell Barlow, Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Hawaii, USA, September 18, 2015, November 16, 2015, February 12, 2016, April 15, 2018.
提供资料的语言 学家: Dr. Russell Barlow, 2015 年 9 月 18 日, 2015 年 11 月 15 日,
2016 年 2 月12 日, 2018 年 4 月 15 日

Other comments: Ulwa or Yaul makes use of a quinary numeral system.
   The word for ‘five’ (a^ŋɡai̯) is transparently derived from a^ŋɡa ‘piece, side’ plus i ‘hand, arm’ (optionally, the word kwe ‘one’ may be added to this, i.e., a^ŋɡai̯ kwe). This reflects the system of hand-counting that underlies the quinary numerical system—that is, people start to count objects using the fingers of one hand. When all fingers have been extended (that is, when the number ‘five’ has been reached), they have created a single outstretched palm (that is, one ‘side’ of ‘hand’).
    The numbers six through nine contain verbal elements, which, when taken literally, express that ‘numbers’ (probably in origin palm fronds or other counters) have been ‘cut’ (won) and ‘put atop’ (wat-lɨ-p) the number five (mo= is a 3sg object marker, min= is a 3du object marker, and ⁿdɨ= is a 3pl object marker).
   The number ten is of the form ‘five (times) two’. An alternate form, nali ‘ten’, reflects the traditional system for counting larger numbers in Ulwa, as this word also refers to the spines of sago fronds, which were used to mark units of ten when counting larger sums. The number twenty can be expressed either as ‘five (times) four’ or ‘ten (times) two’. It can also be denoted by the phrase lamⁿdu uⁿduwan ‘pig(’s) head’, a term reflecting modern Papua New Guinean currency, as the twenty-kina note has the picture of a pig’s head. (Higher-number counting was probably not a common practice among Ulwa speakers before the introduction of a cash economy.) Similarly, the number fifty can be expressed either as ‘ten (times) five’ or as ankam uⁿduwan ‘person(’s) head’, this phrase likewise reflecting the fact that the fifty-kina note contains the image of a man’s head (that of Prime Minister Michael Somare). Finally, the number one hundred is expressed as uta (kwe) ‘(one) bird’, similarly derived from the fact that the hundred-kina note contains the image of a bird (a bird-of-paradise, the nation’s symbol).

    Ulwa, identified as “Yaul” in Ethnologue (21st ed.), is a moribund language, spoken in Dimiri, Manu, Maruat, and Yaul villages, Angoram District, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.