kiManda

Language name and location: (ki)Manda, Southern Tanzania [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 基曼达语, 坦桑尼亚南部恩戎贝区及鲁伍马区

1. -monɡa = IPA [moᵑɡa]	21.
2. -vɪlɪ	22.
3. -datu	23.
4. nchéche IPA [ˈntʃetʃe]	24.
5. muhánu	25.
6. muhánu na -monɡa ~ ntánda	26.
7. muhánu na -vɪlɪ	27.
8. muhánu na -datu	28.
9. muhánuna nchéche	29.
10. kʊ́mi	30. makʊ́mi ɡa-datu
11. kʊ́mi na -monɡa	40. makʊ́mi nchéche
12. kʊ́mi na -vɪlɪ	50. makʊ́mi muhánu
13. kʊ́mi na -datu	60. makʊ́mi muhánu na -monɡa ~ ntánda
14. kʊ́mi na nchéche	70. makʊ́mi muhánu na -vɪlɪ
15. kʊ́mi na muhánu	80. makʊ́mi muhánu na -datu
16. kʊ́mi na muhánu -monɡa ~ ntánda	90. makʊ́mi muhánu na nchéche
17. kʊ́mi na muhánu na -vɪlɪ	100. makʊ́mi kʊ́mi
18. kʊ́mi na muhánu na -datu	200.
19. kʊ́mi na muhánu na nchéche	1000.
20. makʊ́mi ɡa-vɪlɪ vɨlɨ	2000.

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Rasmus Bernander, Department of World Culture, Uuniversity of Helsinki, Finland, November 3, 2020.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Rasmus Bernander, 2020 年 11 月 3 日.

Manda or kiManda has a traditional quinary system.

Noteː From Bernander (2017:78-79):

The numerals ‘four’ to ‘six’ are invariables, in the sense that they do not take an agreement prefix. However, they appear to be derived with the NCP3 (and thus may be lexicalized from nouns). The numerals from ‘seven’ to ‘nine’ consist of a periphrastic construction based on ‘five’, the comitative na (‘with, and’) and one of the inflectional numerals. The numeral ‘six’ is variably realized with the periphrastic construction or as ntanda. The numeral‘ten’ is kʊ́mi, occasionally pronounced kúmi probably due to Swahili influence. The numerals for ‘eleven’ to ‘nineteen’ are expressed with a periphrastic construction with kʊ́mi and the comitative na as link. Decades are expressed through the pluralization of kʊ́mi, through derivation with noun class 6 ma- in collocation with another numeral expressing the appropriate amount of (multiples of) tens up to‘(one) hundred’. Numerals within decades are formed in the same way as ‘eleven’-‘nineteen’.
Higher digits (roughly from‘six’and upwards) are more often expressed with the Swahili system in contemporary Manda.

Language name and location: (ki)Manda, Southern Tanzania [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 基曼达语, 坦桑尼亚南部恩戎贝区及鲁伍马区

1. imonɡa imonɡa = IPA [imoᵑɡa]	21. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na imonɡa
2. sivɨlɨ sivɨlɨ = IPA [siʋɨlɪ]	22. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na sivɨlɨ
3. sidatu	23. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na sidatu
4. ncheche ncheche = IPA [ntʃetʃe]	24. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na ncheche
5. muhanʉ muhanʉ = IPA [ muhanʊ]	25. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na muhanʉ
6. muhanʉ na imonɡa / sita <Swahili *	26. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na sita
7. muhanʉ na sivɨlɨ / saba < Swahili	27. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na saba
8. muhanʉ na sidatu / nane < Swahili	28. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na nane
9. muhanʉ na ncheche / tisa < Swahili	29. makumi ɡavɨlɨ na tisa
10. likumi limonɡa / kumi < Swahili	30. makumi ɡadatu / thelathini < Swahili
11. likumi limonɡa na / kumi na moja	40. makumi ncheche / arobaini < Swahili
12. likumi limonɡa na sivɨlɨ	50. makumi muhanʉ / hamsini < Swahili
13. likumi limonɡa na sidatu	60. makumi muhanʉ na likumi limonɡa
14. likumi limonɡa na ncheche	70. makumi muhanʉ na makumi ɡavɨlɨ
15. likumi limonɡa na muhanʉ	80. makumi muhanʉ na makumi ɡadatu
16. likumi limonɡa na sita	90. makumi muhanʉ na makumi ncheche
17. likumi limonɡa na saba	100. malonɡo kumi / mia moja < Swahili
18. likumi limonɡa na nane	200. mia mbili
19. likumi limonɡa na tisa	1000. elfu moja < Swahili
20. makumi ɡavɨlɨ /ishilini< Swahili	2000. elfu mbili

Linguist providing data and dateː Miss Hazel Gray through Dr. Steve Nicole, SIL-International, Kenya, May 15, 2013.
提供资料的语言学家: Miss Hazel Gray, 2013 年 5 月 15 日.

Other comments: Manda (kiManda) or Kinyasa, Manda-Matumba, Nyasa is spoken by approximately 43,100 speakers in Njombe region: Ludewa district; Ruvuma region: Mbinga district; east shore of Lake Nyasa, Tanzania. Manda or kiManda has a traditional quinary system. Couting from six to ten involves combining the numeral five with the numerals one to four. Counting beyond ten involves counting multiples of tens for decades and adding combinations of the numbers one to five for the numbers in between. Thus, twenty‑five is counted as two tens and five. For the numerals beyond five, Swahili numerals are often used nowadays instead of the accumulative method of counting. The Swahili loanwords for other decades for 60, 70, 80 and 90 areː 60. sitini, 70. sabini, 80. themanini, 90. tisini.

Note that Manda is tonal, but I am not at a point of being able to describe the tonal system well yet. I can say that it does not show lexical contrasts however, purely grammatical.

Manda Orthography

The following orthographic choices for consonants will be used for the remainder of this paper:

/b/ b     /d/ d    /ɟ/ j     /ɡ/ g
/ᵐb/ mb     /ⁿd/ nd     /ᶮɟ/ nj     /ᵑɡ/ ng
/pʰ/ p     /tʰ/ t     /t͡ʃ/ ch     /kʰ/ k
/ᵐpʰ/ mp     /ⁿtʰ/ nt     /ⁿt͡ʃ/ nch     /ᵑkʰ/ nk
/m/ m     /n/ n     /ɲ/ ny     /ŋ/ ng’
/s/ s     /f/ f     /ʃ/ sh     /h/ h
/ⁿs/ ns     /ᶬf/ mf     /ⁿʃ/ nsh
/w/ w     /ʋ/ v     /j/ y     /l/ l

Cʲ will be written Cy, and Cʷ as Cw. /nʲ/ will be written ni in order to distinguish it from /ɲ/ which is written ny.

The following orthographic choices for vowels will be used:

/i/ <i>      /u/ <u>
/ɪ/ <ɨ>      /ʊ/ <ʉ>
/e/ <e>     /o/ <o>
/a/ <a>

Morphophonological changes will be written in every instance.

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