Language name and location: Sochiapan Chinantec, Mexico [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 奇南特克语 (Sochiapan 变体), 墨西哥

1. cáun² [kɐ͈̃͡ʊ̃²]

21.  quiu³cáun² [kʸʊ³.kɐ͈̃͡ʊ̃²]

2. tun³ [t̪ʊ̃³]

22.  quiu³tun³ [kʸʊ³.t̪ʊ̃³]

3. nɨ³² [ʔn̪ɯ̃³²]

23.  quiu³hnɨ³ [kʸʊ³.ʔn̪ɯ̃³]

4. quiún³ [kʸʊ͈̃³]

24.  quiu³quiún³ [kʸʊ³.kʸʊ͈̃³]

5. hñá³ [ʔŋʸɐ͈̃³]

25.  quiu³hñá³ [kʸʊ³.ʔŋʸɐ͈̃³]

6. jñéi³ [hŋʸɛ͈̃͡ɪ̃³]

26.  quiu³jñéi³ [kʸʊ³.hŋʸɛ͈̃͡ɪ̃³]

8. jña³ [hŋʸɐ̃³]

28.  quiu³jña³ [kʸʊ³.hŋʸɐ̃³]

9. ñu³ [ŋʸʊ̃³]

29.  quiu³ñu³ [kʸʊ³.ŋʸʊ̃³]

10. quia³ [kʸɐ³]

30.  quiu³quia³ [kʸʊ³.kʸɐ³]

11. quia³cáun² [kʸɐ³.kɐ͈̃͡ʊ̃²]

40.  tu³ló³² [t̪ʊ³.lɔ͈³²]

12. quia³tun³ [kʸɐ³.t̪ʊ̃³]

50.  tu³la³quia³ [t̪ʊ³.lɐ³.kʸɐ³]

13. quia³hnɨ³² [kʸɐ³.ʔn̪ɨ̃³²]

60.  hnaɨh³² nio² quiú³ [ʔn̪ɐ̃͡ɯ̃ʔ n̪ʸɔ̃² kʸʊ͈³]

14. quia³quiún³ [kʸɐ³.kʸʊ͈̃³]

70.  hnaɨh³² n. q. t. q. [ʔn̪ɐ̃͡ɯ̃ʔ n̪ʸɔ̃² kʸʊ͈³ tsɯ²¹ kʸɐ³]

15. quia³hñá³ [kʸɐ³.ʔŋʸɐ͈̃³]

80.  quiéinh³ nio² quiú³ [kʸɛ͈̃͡ɪ̃ʔ³ n̪ʸɔ̃² kʸʊ͈³]

16. quia³jñéi³ [kʸɐ³.hŋʸɛ͈̃͡ɪ̃³]

90.  quiéinh³ n. q. t. q. [kʸɛ͈̃͡ɪ̃ʔ³ n̪ʸɔ̃² kʸʊ͈³ tsɯ²¹ kʸɐ³]

17. quia³quiau³ [kʸɐ³.kʸɐ͡ʊ³]

100. hñá³ láu³ / hña³láu³ [ʔŋʸɐ͈³ lɐ͈͡ʊ³ / ʔŋʸɐ³.lɐ͈͡ʊ³]

18. quia³jña³ [kʸɐ³.hŋʸɐ̃³]

200. tun³ nio² hña³láu³ [t̪ʊ̃³ n̪ʸɔ̃² ʔŋʸɐ³.lɐ͈͡ʊ³]

19. quia³ñu³ [kʸɐ³.ŋʸʊ̃³]

1000. cú² mei²¹ [kʊ͈² mɛ̃͡ɪ̃²¹]

20. quiú³ [kʸʊ͈³]

2000. tun³ mei²¹ [t̪ʊ̃³ mɛ̃͡ɪ̃²¹]

Linguists providing data and dateː Dr. David Foris, SIL International, December 28, 2006. Mr. Brian Buuck, SIL International, October 1, 2008.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. David Foris,  2006 年 12 月 28 日, Mr. Brian Buuck, 2008 年 10 月 1 日

Other comments: Sochiapam Chinantec has a vigesimal system. Data transcribed by Brian Buuckː Since this is not a language I'm intimately familiar with, I cannot be certain regarding the following, but here is what I suspect: With regard to voiceless stops, there is one-to-one correspondence between Jocotepec and Sochiapan. However, the voiced stops of Jocotepec are voiced fricatives in Sochiapan. The voiced affricate of Jocotepec is voiced in Sochiapan. The Sochiapan consonant phones in parentheses are restricted to loan words (with two exceptions, one involving an expletive, the other involving onomatopoeia). Jocotepec voiceless fricatives and glottal phones correspond one-to-one. The slightly retroflexed, voiced fricative of Sochiapan (based on the two lexical examples given in Dr. Foris' PhD dissertation, correspond to the flap 'r' phoneme in Jocotepec. The nasals correspond one-to-one. The approximants act somewhat differently. Sochiapan can have an approximant preceding a vowel, following a vowel, or both. By the way, Jocotepec only has two phonemic approximants, and they only precede the vowel – all approximants following the vowel, both in Jocotepec as well as in the related dialects, are phonologically motivated by their environments or are consistent allophones. Some research would be required to determine to what extent the complex syllable structure (Dr. Foris refers to the approximants as pre-nuclear and post-nuclear vowels) can be simplified away via allophones and phonologically-motivated processes. I suspect that it can. Jocotepec has a velarized and non-velarized lateral, depending on whether it precedes an anterior or posterior vowel – this corresponds to the two laterals of Sochiapan (which also has other phone pairs that function this way). The vowels are a little more similar with the

two languages, and – again – I can make some educated guesses. There is apparently no equivalent in Sochiapan of the front close rounded vowel in Jocotepec (palatalized 'u') – apparently, the 'u' does not front. The front 'a' is the palatalized version of the back open unrounded vowel. Based on what I know of Jocotepec, I suspect that the [a] phoneme (which Dr. Foris refers to as a "central" vowel) does not really exist, but derives from the [o] phoneme. So, really, I suspect that at the phonemic level there is only a binary system of vowels with three distinctions: open/close, unrounded/rounded and front/back (i.e. palatalized/non-palatalized). The open back unrounded vowel (in the middle of the vowel chart) occurs rarely in Sochiapan. It's not that common in Jocotepec either, but that's largely because the vowel often undergoes palatalization and other processes.

Bilabial

Dental

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Stops

p

t̪

k

ʔ

Affricates

ʦ̪

ʧ

Fricatives

(ɸ)   β

s̪    ð

ʃ     ʐ

      ɣ

h

Nasals

m̥m  m

n̪̥n̪    n̪

ñ̥ñ     ñ

ŋ̥ŋ    ŋ

Approximants

      w

    y

      ɰ

Sonorants

l, (ɾ)

ʎ