Language name and location: Lealao Chinantec, Oaxaca, Mexico [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 莱阿劳-奇南特克语, 墨西哥南部瓦哈卡州圣胡安莱阿劳地区

1. ca̱a̱³ [kãː³]

21.  dxiáa³ dsɨ³² ca̱a̱³ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ ʣɨ³² kãː³]

2. tú̱⁴ [t̪ũ͈⁴]

22.  dxiáa³ dsɨ³² tú̱⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ ʣɨ³² t̪ũ͈⁴]

3. nɨ³ [n̪ɨ̃³]

23.  dxiáa³ dsɨ³² nɨ³ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ ʣɨ³² n̪ɨ̃³]

4. chú̱³ [ʧũ͈³]

24.  dxiáa³ chú̱³ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ ʧũ͈³]

5. ñá³ [ŋʸɐ͈̃³]

25.  dxiáa³ ñá³ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ ŋʸɐ͈̃³]

6. jñuú³ [hŋʸũ͈ː³]

26.  dxiáa³ jñuú³ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ hŋʸũ͈ː³]

8. jñá⁴ [hŋʸɐ͈̃⁴]

28.  dxiáa³ jñá⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ hŋʸɐ͈̃⁴]

9. ñú⁴ [ŋʸʊ͈̃⁴]

29.  dxiáa³ ñú⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³ ŋʸʊ͈̃⁴]

10. dxiá⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴]

30.  dxiá⁴dxiá³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴ʤʸɐ͈³]

11. dxiá⁴cha̱a̱³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.ʧãː³]

40.  tú̱⁴laá³ [t̪ũ͈⁴.lɐ͈ː³]

12. dxiá⁴tiú̱³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.t̪ʸũ͈³]

50.  tú̱⁴ná⁴dxiá³ [t̪ũ͈⁴.nɐ͈⁴.ʤʸɐ͈³]

13. dxiá⁴nɨ³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.n̪ĩ³]

60.  tú̱⁴ná⁴dxiá³ dsɨ³² dxiá⁴ [t̪ũ͈⁴.nɐ͈⁴.ʤʸɐ͈³ ʣɨ³² ʤʸɐ͈⁴]

14. dxiá⁴chiú̱³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.ʧʸũ͈³]

70.  tú̱⁴ná⁴dxiá³ dsɨ³² d. [t̪ũ͈⁴.nɐ͈⁴.ʤʸɐ͈³ ʣɨ³² ʤʸɐ͈ː³]

15. dxiá⁴ñá³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.ŋʸɐ͈̃³]

80.  ochenta (loanword)

16. dxiá⁴jñuú³ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.hŋʸũ͈ː³]

90.  noventa (loanword)

17. dxiá⁴dxiaá⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.ʤʸɐ͈ː⁴]

100. ca̱a̱³ ñá⁴laá³ [kɐ̃ː³ ŋʸɐ͈̃⁴.lɐ͈ː³]

18. dxiá⁴jñá⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.hŋʸɐ͈̃⁴]

200. tú̱⁴ ñá⁴laá³ [t̪ũ͈⁴ ŋʸɐ͈̃⁴.lɐ͈ː³]

19. dxiá⁴ñú⁴ [ʤʸɐ͈⁴.ŋʸʊ͈̃⁴]

1000. ca̱a̱³ mil [kɐ̃ː³ (loanword)]

20. dxiáa³ [ʤʸɐ͈ː³]

2000. tú̱⁴ mil [t̪ũ͈⁴ (loanword)]

Linguists providing data and dateː Mr. James E. Rupp, SIL International, April 25, 2008. Mr. Brian Buuck, SIL International, October 1, 2008.

提供资料的语言学家: Mr. James E. Rupp 2008 年 4 月 25 日, Mr. Brian Buuck, 2008 年 10 月 1 日

Other comments: Lealao Chinantec (fáh⁴jmii⁴²) or Chinanteco de San Juan Lealao is spoken by approximately 2,000 speakers in Oaxaca state: La Hondura, Latani, San Juan Lealao, and Tres Arroyos, Mexico. Lealao Chinantec has a vigesimal system. Data transcribed by Brian Buuckː Like Sochiapan, this is not a language I'm really familiar with, less so than with Sochiapan, so you'll need to take the following with a grain of salt. From my interaction with my colleagues (Dr. Foris and Jim Rupp), I think it is safe to say that I am a lot more particular about actual phone pronunciation, and I believe that a lot of their symbols (particularly vowel symbols) are not very accurate from a phonetic standpoint. These are my assumptions regarding the vowels: Only unrounded vowels have palatalized forms. From looking at the Lealao dictionary at my disposal, it appears that the /o/ phoneme corresponds to the open back unrounded vowel in Jocotepec. And the /a/ phoneme corresponds to the /o/ phoneme. That would mean that /o/ is actually, underlyingly, an unrounded vowel, and /a/ is underlyingly a rounded vowel! That would seem a lot more bizarre if I was not aware of a similar tendency to a lesser extent in Lalana Chinantec (a dialect of the same language that Jocotepec belongs to). It appears that the stops correspond to those of Jocotepec. However, palatalization changes the voiceless velar stop ('k') to the voiceless palatal affricate. The voiced affricates (palatalized and non-palatalized versions) are like with Jocotepec as well – it may well be that they come from the missing voiced sibilant originally. The /f/ phoneme comes from /hw/. The /h/ can form syllable-initial consonant clusters with any approximant, any nasal (those are the voiceless nasal plus voiced nasal combinations listed), and with /l/. The same goes for Jocotepec, possibly for Sochiapan. Apparently, in Lealao, the /hw/ is pronounced as 'f'. While in Jocotepec, the glottal stop can form clusters with the same phones, this is apparently not permitted in Lealao (compare the number "three" between Lealao and Jocotepec), so the glottal stop has simply been dropped. The /v/ corresponds to the /w/ of Jocotepec, while the other symbols appear to have one-to-one correspondence.

Consonantsː

 Vowelsː

Lealao Chinantec with unicode and Charis SIL font.

Consonants (with practical orthography in parentheses)

p    t                      č (ch)    k(c)  ? (h)

b    d       ds (dx)    ĵ  (dx)   g 

f              s  (x)      š  (x)     j

v    r        l         

m            n            ñ          ŋ

vowels

i        ɨ    u

æ (e)        o

       a

Tones:  ¹ extra high,  ²  high,  ³ mid,  ⁴ low,   ³² mid-high rise, ⁴² low-high rise

Nasalized vowel is underlined and vowel length is shown by double vowel.