Language name and location: Lalana Chinantec, Oaxaca, Mexico [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 拉拉纳-奇南特克语, 墨西哥南部瓦哈卡州和韦拉克鲁斯州

1. k̃oo [kɞ̃ː³⁴]

21.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ k̃oo [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ kɞː³⁴]

2. t̃ù(j) [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴]

22.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ t̃ù(j) [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴]

3. hnɨ [ʔn̪ɘ̃̆͡ɪ̃̆³⁴]

23.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ hnɨ [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ ʔn̪ɘ̃̆͡ɪ̃̆³⁴]

4. k̃yʉj [kʸʏ̃³]

24.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ k̃yʉj [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ kʸʏ̃³]

5. hñɑ̷j [ʔŋʸæ̝̃³]

25.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ hñɑ̷j [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ ʔŋʸæ̝̃³]

6. jñʉʉj [hŋʸʏ̃ː²³]

26.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ jñʉʉj [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ hŋʸʏ̃ː²³]

8. jñɑ̷̀(j) [hŋʸæ̝̃̆²⁴]

28.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ jñɑ̷̀(j) [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ hŋʸæ̝̃̆²⁴]

9. ñʉ̀(j) [ŋʸʏ̃̆²⁴]

29.  gyɑ̷ɑ̷j redsɨ́ ñʉ̀(j) [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ ŋʸʏ̃̆²⁴]

10. gyɑ̷̀(j) [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴]

30.  gyɑ̷̀gyɑ̷j [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴ɡʸæ̝̆³]

11. gyɑ̷̀k̃yɑ̷ɑ̷ [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.kʸæ̝̃ː³⁴]

40.  t̃ù(j)-lǒoj [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞː²¹]

12. gyɑ̷̀t̃ʉ̀ [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.t̪œ̃̆²⁴]

50.  t̃ù(j)-lògyɑ̷j [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞ̆²⁴.ɡʸæ̝³]

13. gyɑ̷̀hni [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.ʔn̪ĩ³⁴]

60.  t̃ù(j)-lògyɑ̷j redsɨ́ gyɑ̷̀(j)

14. gyɑ̷̀k̃yʉj [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.kʸʏ̃³]

70.  t̃ù(j)-lògyɑ̷j redsɨ́ gyɑ̷ɑ̷j

15. gyɑ̷̀hñɑ̷j [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.ʔŋʸæ̝̃³]

80.  t̃ù(j)-lògyɑ̷j redsɨ́ gyɑ̷̀gyɑ̷j

16. gyɑ̷̀jñʉʉj [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.hŋʸʏ̃ː²³]

90.  t̃ù(j)-lògyɑ̷j redsɨ́ t̃ù(j)-lǒoj

17. gyɑ̷̀gyɑ̷ɑ̷j [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.ɡʸæ̝²⁴]

100. k̃oo hñɑ̷looj [kɞ̃ː³⁴ ʔŋʸæ̝̆³.lɞː²³]

18. gyɑ̷̀jnɑ̷j [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.hŋʸæ̝̃̆²⁴]

200. t̃ù(j) hñɑ̷looj [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ ʔŋʸæ̝̆³.lɞː²³]

19. gyɑ̷̀ñʉj [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴.ŋʸʏ̃̆²⁴]

1000. gyɑ̷̀(j) hñɑ̷looj [ɡʸæ̝̆²⁴ ʔŋʸæ̝̆³.lɞː²³]

20. gyɑ̷ɑ̷j [ɡʸæ̝ː²³]

2000. gyɑ̷ɑ̷j hñɑ̷looj [ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ʔŋʸæ̝̆³.lɞː²³]

Linguists providing data and dateː Dr. Calvin R. Rensch, Summer Institute of Linguistics, June 11, 1990. Mr. Brian Buuck, Summer Institute of Linguistics, May 27, 2008.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Calvin R. Rensch, 1990 年 6 月 11 日, Mr. Brian Buuck, 2008 年 5 月 27 日

Other comments: Lalana Chinantec (Jujmi) is spoken by approximately 10,000 speakers in Oaxaca and Veracruz states: border area, Lalana municipality, 25 towns; Jocotepec and Petlapa municipalities, Mexico.

Lalana Chinantec has a vigesimal system. The data were taken from

Jocotepec Chinantec dialect. 60 is transcribed as '  [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞ̆²⁴.ɡʸæ̝³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ ɡʸæ̝²⁴]', 70 as [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞ̆²⁴.ɡʸæ̝³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ ɡʸæ̝ː²³ ], 80 as [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞ̆²⁴.ɡʸæ̝³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ ɡʸæ̝²⁴ɡʸæ̝̆³] and 90 as [t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞ̆²⁴.ɡʸæ̝³ ɾɛ³.ʣɨ̆͡ĭ t̪ɵ̃̆²⁴ lɞː²¹]. The words listed above only show a portion of what is going on in the language with regard to vowels and tones. The vowel phonology is very rich. Basically, there are four back vowels, upper and lower, unrounded and unrounded, respectively: /ɨ/, /u/, /ʌ/ (ø in the orthography), /o/. The actual realizations of these are different (lax and centralized). They also have palatal equivalents: /i/, /ø/ (ʉ in the orthography), /e/, /æ/ (ɑ̷ in the orthography – counts as rounded). The vowel system gets even more fun when the vowels are next to palatal

consonants. The back unrounded vowels turn into a fronting diphthong [ɘ͡ɪ], [ɜ͡ɛ]; a word-final /n/ (historical with long vowels – it never gets pronounced, but still affects the vowel!) does the same thing and also changes an /o/ to [ɜ͡ɛ] or [ɐ], depending on the particular environment, and depalatalizes the front rounded vowels. And there’s more, when the initial consonant is palatalized (pronounced as a [ʸ] with velar and glottal consonants, otherwise not pronounced), then the front rounded vowels become diphthongs (when there is a historical, non-pronounced final /n/): [ɘ͡ɵ], [ɛ͡ɐ]. The tone system is also rather complex. Low tone is left unmarked (actually a low falling tone, especially with long vowels). High tone (v̄) is level. Falling tone (v̀) is an abrupt high-low tone. Falling rising (v̌) is realized as high-low-mid – rather hard to hear with short vowels (this tone only shows up on short vowels with verb forms). My theory is that both non-level tones developed from a laryngealized vowel originally. Each of these tones can have a ballistic equivalent. Since the theory I subscribe to is that ballistic stress has resulted from a historical word-final /h/, I’ve decided to use a ‘j’ in the orthography (the closest Spanish equivalent and already used word-initally for [h]). This tends to raise the tone. For low tone – mid-low (long vowel) or mid tone (short vowel). For high tone – steady high rising (long vowel) or slightly raised high (short vowel). For falling tone – the controlled/ballistic distinction has been lost (but it is still present in the neighboring dialects). For falling-rising – high rising (for long vowel – with more laryngeal pressure than with ballistic high) and slightly raised high (for short vowel – basically indistinguishable from ballistic high, but my language associate can tell the difference; I suspect he “feels” it, since I certainly don’t hear it!). Tone sandhi plays an important role in distinguishing ballistic high from ballistic falling-rising, as only the latter is affected. There are two rising tones: [v́] (low rising – low-mid) and [v́j] (high rising – mid-high). Both of these appear to have resulted from a tone sandhi type of tonal shift from ballistic falling-rising syllables (most notable in verb forms, but

it’s not currently a productive pattern in speech). While my working orthography marks one as controlled and the other as ballistic, that’s just for simplicity’s sake, as there doesn’t appear to have been such a distinction with the original form. With regard to consonants, any consonant may be syllable-initial. In addition, the glottal consonants can combine with any nasal (resulting in a voiceless nasal), approximant, or sonorant. Any of the non-bilabial consonants can be palatalized as well, though the palatalization is only audible (showing up as [y]) on velar and glottal consonants. In addition, the velar stops can combine with [w]. 

Lalana Chinantec consonants:

Lalana Chinantec vowels: