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Language name and locationː Yipma, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue ]
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1. d-- (lit: this-fem.sg ='one.fem'), da-i (this-masc.sg ='one.masc'), p-wa--i (' a/ some agree--masc.sg = 'one.masc'), pɨ-rɨ--' (a/some-agree--fem.sg = one.fem') |
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2. da--waai (litː' this-fem.dual='two.fem'),da--raai (this--masc.dual-'two.masc'),
p-wa--raai (a=agree--masc.dual='two.masc'),
pɨ-rɨ-waai (a-agree-- |
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3. da--waai da-- (litː 'two, one') |
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4. da--waai da--waai (litː 'two, two') |
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5. at--i-na ( ata--ɨlo-na hand--mascC-about= 'hand/five') |
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6. at--i-na ɑta pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da-- (litː five, hand a gree-mascC-obj-from this-fem.sg='five, from another hand, one') |
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7. at--i-na ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--waai (litː five, from another hand two') |
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8. at--i-na ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--wai da-- (litː five, from another hand two, one') |
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9. at--i-na ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--da--waai da--waai |
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10. ɑt--ɨraai (litː ''two hands'); at--ɨraai-ya--ngo ('hand--mascC.dual-embed--fem.they= 'ten.fem') |
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11. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da-- (litː 'foot--mascC.dual, from another hand one') |
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12. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--waai (litː 'foot--mascC.dual, from another hand two') |
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13. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--waai da-- |
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14. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--waai da--waai |
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15. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i (litː 'two feet and a hand') |
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16. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da-- (litː' two feet, hand, from another hand one') |
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17. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--waai (litː' two feet, hand, from another hand two') |
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18. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ da--waai da-- |
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19. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--i ata pw--ɨr-ɨ-daa'nyɨ dɑ--waai da--waai |
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20. sɨvɨl--ɨraai at--ɨraai (litː ''two feet, two hands'), sɨvɨlat--ɨraai (foot--hand--two') |
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Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. & Mrs. Joy and Dick Lloyd,
提供资料的语言 学家: Mr. & Mrs. Joy and Dick Lloyd, 2011 年 5 月 23 日. |
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Other comments: Yipma or Baruya is spoken by about 9,000 speakers in Marawaka district, Eastern Highlands province, Papua New Guinea. The Baruya tally-system exhibits some unusual feathers. First, in the strict sense, Baruya has no numerals at all, i.e. there are no words in the tally-system which denote only numbers. Second, Baruya displaces a complex gender systems of masculine and feminine nouns and noun phrases. In tallying objects which belong to the feminine group, one set of tally-words will be employed and this is somewhat different to the set used for tally objects belonging to masculine group. The tally-word for 1 is 'da-', translated as 'this she'. The tally word for 2 is da-waai where 'da' is 'thus' and 'waai' is 'they(2)', i.e. the dual form of the 3rd personal person plural personal pronoun. Tallying 3 and 4 involved combinations of these. The reminding data are hand and foot tally-directions. The Baruya use their fingers, hands, toes and feet but are only specific on the lower
numbers. e.g. one, two,
two and one, two and two, one hand, one hand plus one, one hand plus
two, two hands, two hands and a foot (more often two feet and a hand=15), one person, two people, a lot
of people. There are no numeral roots as such. Demonstratives and
articles and certain nouns are used in counting. These change
according to gender and case. As counting is usually done on the
fingers, by bringing the tops together, the demonstrative root da,
'this' is the most common root used. For the numbers 'one' and 'two'
the article root' pɨ is most common.
These stems have affixes which change according to person, number,
gender and case.
The only past instance where
bigger numbers were counted was the number of war party. Salt bars are also counted, but this is only to a maximum of fifteen. Very
rarely would anyone count from one to twenty. Seven is the largest
individual number used in most circumstances. The
present tendency is to use the English systems for anything higher
than five.
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