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Language name and locationː War-Jaintia, Bangladesh, India [Refer to Ethnologue] |
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1. miː // ʃi |
21. ʔər pʰuːa miː |
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2. ʔə̃ / ʔər |
22. ʔər pʰuːa ʔə̃ / ʔər |
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3. laː / laj |
23. ʔər pʰuːa laː / laj |
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4. reːa |
24. ʔər pʰuːa reːa |
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5. ran |
25. ʔər pʰuːa ran |
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6. tʰroːu |
26. ʔər pʰuːa tʰroːu |
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7. hntʰlaː |
27. ʔər pʰuːa hntʰlaː |
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8. hmpʔə̃ |
28. ʔər pʰuːa hmpʔə̃ |
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9. hnʃʔaː |
29. ʔər pʰuːa hnʃʔaː |
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10. ʃi pʰuːa |
30. laː / laj pʰuːa |
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11. ʃi pʰər mi |
40. reːa pʰuːa |
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12. ʃi pʰər ʔə̃ / ʔər |
50. ran pʰuːa |
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13. ʃi pʰər laː / laj |
60. tʰroːu pʰuːa |
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14. ʃi pʰər reːa |
70. hntʰlaː pʰuːa |
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15. ʃi pʰər ran |
80. hmpʔə̃ pʰuːa |
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16. ʃi pʰər tʰroːu |
90. hnʃʔaː pʰuːa |
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17. ʃi pʰər hntʰlaː |
100. ʃi swaʔ |
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18. ʃi pʰər hmpʔə̃ |
200. ʔə̃ / ʔər swaʔ |
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19. ʃi pʰər hnʃʔaː |
1000. ʃi hadʒar < Indo-Aryan |
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20. ʔər pʰuːa |
2000. ʔə̃ / ʔər hadʒar |
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Linguist providing data and dateː
Dr. Anne Daladier,
LACITO- |
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Other comments: War or War-Jaintia has a decimal system. The above data is taken from Kudeng Nongbareh-Nongtalang dialect of War spoken in, Nongbareh village War (NW). miː//ʃi (or wiː// ʧi) represents a contrastive pair. In English, 'one' has different mathematical uses which are disambiguised in Pnaric-War-Lyngngam with *mi and *ʧi. mi is mainly used as cardinal one, ʃi/ʧi is mainly used to count ‘one’ for measure units and to count ‘one’ for powers of ten. For example, in War ʃi phuːa ‘ten’, lit. ‘one-ten’, ʃi swaɁ ‘one hundred’. mi expresses cardinal ‘one’ in ‘one leave’; ʃi swaɁ mi ‘one hundred one’. ʃi/ʧi expresses one in measure units: ʃi khup ‘one breadth-of-four fingers’. ʃi/ʧi is also used as ‘one’ for units of time, e.g. the whole day, one month length. mi ‘one’ to express ‘one o’clock’ contrasts with ʃi to express ‘one hour’ as a unit of time. ʃi/ʧi may also be used for a unit whose cardinal value is not relevant or is undefined as in War ʃi dit ‘a little while’, ʃi kur ‘people from the same clan’, ʃi pero brothers and sisters from the same mother. This is a qualifying use v.s. quantifying use of previous examples. ʃi/ʧi is also used as a kind of aspectual device, as in War: ʃi pam ‘to cut in one blow’ (pam ‘to cut’). Pnar, Khasi and Lyngngam cardinals belong to a Pnaric system which slightly differs from a War one, more conservative from an AA viewpoint. Numerals expressing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have common roots but 7, 8, 9 and teens are different. In Pnar the loss of /m/ or /b/ in onset position of monosyllabic words is frequent, as in mi > wi (one), ba > wa (dependency marker). This loss is not found in lexical elements in Khasi and Lyngngam. The Khasi and Lyngngam cardinal systems are then derived from the Pnar one. References: Daladier A. 2010 ''Counting techniques with their “grouping” names in Pnar, War, Khasi and Lyngngam and their relation to Austroasiatic number systems'' presentation at NEILS 5 Conference (to appear) Jenner, P., (1976). « Les noms de nombre en Khmer » in Diffloth, G. and Zide, N. eds. Austroasiatic Number Systems, (special issue), Linguistics : 39-61 Matisoff, James. 1997. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: prefixes, proto-forms and problems. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics Mazaudon, M. (2010). “Number building in Tibeto-Burman languages” in Morey, Post eds. NEILS 2, India, CUP India Menninger, K. (1969). [1934]. Number words and number symbols. A cultural history of numbers, Cambridge Mass.: M.I.T. Press |
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Language name and locationː War-Jaintia, Bangladesh, India [Refer to Ethnologue] |
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1. miː // ʃi |
21. ʔər pʰuːa miː |
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2. ʔũə |
22. ʔər pʰuːa ʔũə |
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3. laː |
23. ʔər pʰuːa laː / |
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4. riːa |
24. ʔər pʰuːa riːa |
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5. ran |
25. ʔər pʰuːa ran |
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6. tʰroːu |
26. ʔər pʰuːa tʰroːu |
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7. hntʰlaː |
27. ʔər pʰuːa hntʰlaː |
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8. hmpʔũə |
28. ʔər pʰuːa hmpʔũə |
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9. hnʃʔaː |
29. ʔər pʰuːa hnʃʔaː |
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10. ʃi pʰuːa |
30. laː / laj pʰuːa |
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11. ʃi pʰər mi |
40. riːa pʰuːa |
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12. ʃi pʰər ʔũə |
50. ran pʰuːa |
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13. ʃi pʰər laː |
60. tʰroːu pʰuːa |
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14. ʃi pʰər riːa |
70. hntʰlaː pʰuːa |
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15. ʃi pʰər ran |
80. hmpʔũə pʰuːa |
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16. ʃi pʰər tʰroːu |
90. hnʃʔaː pʰuːa |
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17. ʃi pʰər hntʰlaː |
100. ʃi swaʔ |
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18. ʃi pʰər hmpʔũə |
200. ʔũə swaʔ |
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19. ʃi pʰər hnʃʔaː |
1000. ʃi hadʒar < Indo-Aryan |
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20. ʔər pʰuːa |
2000. ʔũə hadʒar |
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Linguist providing data and dateː
Dr. Anne Daladier,
LACITO- |
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Other comments: War has a decimal system. The above data is taken from Nongbareh village War dialect of War spoken in, Nongbareh village, India. miː//ʃi (or wiː// ʧi) represents a contrastive pair. In English, 'one' has different mathematical uses which are disambiguised in Pnaric-War-Lyngngam with *mi and *ʧi. mi is mainly used as cardinal one, ʃi/ʧi is mainly used to count ‘one’ for measure units and to count ‘one’ for powers of ten. For example, in War ʃi phuːa ‘ten’, lit. ‘one-ten’, ʃi swaɁ ‘one hundred’. mi expresses cardinal ‘one’ in ‘one leave’; ʃi swaɁ mi ‘one hundred one’. ʃi/ʧi expresses one in measure units: ʃi khup ‘one breadth-of-four fingers’. ʃi/ʧi is also used as ‘one’ for units of time, e.g. the whole day, one month length. mi ‘one’ to express ‘one o’clock’ contrasts with ʃi to express ‘one hour’ as a unit of time. ʃi/ʧi may also be used for a unit whose cardinal value is not relevant or is undefined as in War ʃi dit ‘a little while’, ʃi kur ‘people from the same clan’, ʃi pero brothers and sisters from the same mother. This is a qualifying use v.s. quantifying use of previous examples. ʃi/ʧi is also used as a kind of aspectual device, as in War: ʃi pam ‘to cut in one blow’ (pam ‘to cut’). Pnar, Khasi and Lyngngam cardinals belong to a Pnaric system which slightly differs from a War one, more conservative from an AA viewpoint. Numerals expressing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have common roots but 7, 8, 9 and teens are different. In Pnar the loss of /m/ or /b/ in onset position of monosyllabic words is frequent, as in mi > wi (one), ba > wa (dependency marker). This loss is not found in lexical elements in Khasi and Lyngngam. The Khasi and Lyngngam cardinal systems are then derived from the Pnar one. |
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Language name and locationː War-Jaintia, Bangladesh, India [Refer to Ethnologue] |
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1. miː // ʃi |
21. ʔər pʰuːa miː |
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2. ʔũ / ʔũə |
22. ʔər pʰuːa ʔũ / ʔũə |
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3. laː / lɛː |
23. ʔər pʰuːa laː / lɛː |
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4. siːa |
24. ʔər pʰuːa siːa |
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5. san |
25. ʔər pʰuːa ran |
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6. tʰroːu |
26. ʔər pʰuːa tʰroːu |
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7. hntʰlaː / hntʰlɛː |
27. ʔər pʰuːa hntʰlaː / hntʰlɛː |
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8. hmpʔũ |
28. ʔər pʰuːa hmpʔũ |
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9. hnʃʔeː |
29. ʔər pʰuːa hnʃʔeː |
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10. ʃi pʰuːa |
30. laː / laj pʰuːa |
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11. ʃi pʰər mi |
40. siːa pʰuːa |
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12. ʃi pʰər ʔũ / ʔũə |
50. san pʰuːa |
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13. ʃi pʰər laː / lɛː |
60. tʰroːu pʰuːa |
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14. ʃi pʰər siːa |
70. hntʰlaː pʰuːa |
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15. ʃi pʰər san |
80. hmpʔũ pʰuːa |
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16. ʃi pʰər tʰroːu |
90. hnʃʔeː pʰuːa |
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17. ʃi pʰər hntʰlaː / hntʰlɛː |
100. ʃi swaʔ |
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18. ʃi pʰər hmpʔũ |
200. ʔũ swaʔ |
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19. ʃi pʰər hnʃʔeː |
1000. ʃi hadʒar < Indo-Aryan |
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20. ʔər pʰuːa |
2000. ʔũ hadʒar |
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Linguist providing data and dateː
Dr. Anne Daladier,
LACITO- |
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Other comments: War has a decimal system. The above data is taken from Thangbuli Amwi War dialect dialect of War, India. miː//ʃi (or wiː// ʧi) represents a contrastive pair. In English, 'one' has different mathematical uses which are disambiguised in Pnaric-War-Lyngngam with *mi and *ʧi. mi is mainly used as cardinal one, ʃi/ʧi is mainly used to count ‘one’ for measure units and to count ‘one’ for powers of ten. For example, in War ʃi phuːa ‘ten’, lit. ‘one-ten’, ʃi swaɁ ‘one hundred’. mi expresses cardinal ‘one’ in ‘one leave’; ʃi swaɁ mi ‘one hundred one’. ʃi/ʧi expresses one in measure units: ʃi khup ‘one breadth-of-four fingers’. ʃi/ʧi is also used as ‘one’ for units of time, e.g. the whole day, one month length. mi ‘one’ to express ‘one o’clock’ contrasts with ʃi to express ‘one hour’ as a unit of time. ʃi/ʧi may also be used for a unit whose cardinal value is not relevant or is undefined as in War ʃi dit ‘a little while’, ʃi kur ‘people from the same clan’, ʃi pero brothers and sisters from the same mother. This is a qualifying use v.s. quantifying use of previous examples. ʃi/ʧi is also used as a kind of aspectual device, as in War: ʃi pam ‘to cut in one blow’ (pam ‘to cut’). Pnar, Khasi and Lyngngam cardinals belong to a Pnaric system which slightly differs from a War one, more conservative from an AA viewpoint. Numerals expressing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have common roots but 7, 8, 9 and teens are different. In Pnar the loss of /m/ or /b/ in onset position of monosyllabic words is frequent, as in mi > wi (one), ba > wa (dependency marker). This loss is not found in lexical elements in Khasi and Lyngngam. The Khasi and Lyngngam cardinal systems are then derived from the Pnar one. |
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Language
name and locationː
War (Amwi),
Bangladesh, India [Refer to
Ethnologue] |
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Language name and locationː War-Jaintia, Bangladesh, India [Refer to Ethnologue] |
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1. miː |
21. ʔũː pʰua miː |
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2. ʔũː |
22. ʔũː pʰua ʔũː |
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3. lɛː |
23. ʔũː pʰua lɛː |
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4. sia |
24. ʔũː pʰua sia |
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5. san |
25. ʔũː pʰua san |
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6. tʰrəw |
26. ʔũː pʰua tʰrəw |
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7. hntʰlɛː |
27. ʔũː pʰua hntʰlɛː |
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8. hmpʔũː |
28. ʔũː pʰua hmpʔũː |
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9. hnʃʔɛː |
29. ʔũː pʰua hnʃʔɛː |
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10. pʰua |
30. lɛː pʰua |
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11. pʰua miː |
40. sia pʰua |
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12. pʰua ʔũː |
50. san pʰua |
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13. pʰua lɛː |
60. tʰrəw pʰua |
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14. pʰua sia |
70. hntʰlɛː pʰua |
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15. pʰua san |
80. hmpʔũː pʰua |
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16. pʰua tʰrəw |
90. hnʃʔɛː pʰua |
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17. pʰua hntʰlɛː |
100. swaʔ |
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18. pʰua hmpʔũː |
200. ʔũː swaʔ |
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19. pʰua hnʃʔɛː |
1000. had͡ʒaːr < Indo-Aryan |
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20. ʔũː pʰua |
2000. ʔũː had͡ʒaːr |
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Linguist
providing data and dateː
Prof. Gerard Diffloth,
Cornell University,
USA / École Française d’Extrême-Orient |
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Other comments: War-Jaintia or Amwi is spoken by approximately speakers 67,000 speakers in Sylhet division, Bangladesh as well as India. War-Jaintia has a decimal system. The above data were taken from Jaintia War dialect. Amwi numerals are very different from other Khasian languages or varieties. |
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