Language name and locationː Wajiara (Yurutí), Colombia, Brazil [Refer to Ethnologue]语言名称和分布地区: 瓦希阿拉语 (尤鲁梯语),哥伦比亚及巴西交界沃佩斯河流域地区

1. ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́- + CLS ex:  ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡá 'one finger', ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡɨ̃̄ 'masc. sg', ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡȭ 'fem.sg)

2. pɨ'á- + CLS ex: pɨ'áɡá 'two fingers', pʰɨ̃̄'ã́ɾã̄ 'two animate'

3. īi̥tʰī'á+ CLS ex: īi̥tʰī'áɡá 'three fingers', īi̥tʰĩ̄'áɾã̄  'three animate'

4. ᵐbāḁˈpʰúbīi̥sāɾi- exː ᵐbāḁˈpʰúbīi̥sāɾiɡá 'four fingers', ᵐbāḁˈpʰúbīi̥sāɾã̄ 'four animate'

5. ĩ̀i̥ˈkʰã́ȭo̥pʰɨ̀ɨ̥kʰɨ̀ɲɛ̃̀ (inanimate)  / ĩ̀i̥ˈkʰã́ȭo̥pʰɨ̀ɨ̥kʰɨ̀ɲɨ̃̀ɾã́ (animate) 'one hand'

6. ĩ̀i̥ˈkʰã́w̃ã́mṍo̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ āḁˈpʰɛ́w̃ã̄mȭo̥ ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

    (litː ' a whole hand, one finger of another' )

7. ĩ̀i̥ˈkʰã́w̃ã́mṍo̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ āḁˈpʰɛ́w̃ã̄mȭo̥ pɨ'áɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

    (litː ' a whole hand, two fingers of another')

8.  ĩ̀i̥ˈkʰã́w̃ã́mṍo̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ āḁˈpʰɛ́w̃ã̄mȭo̥  īi̥tʰī'áɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

    (litː ' a whole hand, three fingers of another')

9.   ĩ̀i̥ˈkʰã́w̃ã́mṍo̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ āḁˈpʰɛ́w̃ã̄mȭo̥ ᵐbāḁˈpʰúbīi̥sāɾiɡḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

    (litː ' a whole hand, four fingers of another')

10. pɨ̃̄ˈã́ṍo̥pʰɨ̄ɨ̥kʰɨɲɛ̃̀ ( inanimate ) / pɨ̃̄ˈã́ṍo̥pʰɨ̄ɨ̥kʰɨɲɨ̃̀ɾã́ ( animate ) (litː 'two hands' )

11. pɨ̃̄ˈáw̃ã̄mõ̀o̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ ⁿdɨ̄ɨ̥ˈpʰó ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

     (litː two whole hands, one toe on the foot' )

12. pɨ̃̄ˈáw̃ã̄mõ̀o̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ ⁿdɨ̄ɨ̥ˈpʰó pɨ'áɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

     (litː two whole hands, two toes on the foot' )

13. pɨ̃̄ˈáw̃ã̄mõ̀o̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ ⁿdɨ̄ɨ̥ˈpʰó ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

     (litː two whole hands, three toes on the foot' )

14. pɨ̃̄ˈáw̃ã̄mõ̀o̥ pɛ̄ɛ̥'tʰíi̥ ⁿdɨ̄ɨ̥ˈpʰó ᵐbāḁˈpʰúbīi̥sāɾiɡḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ

     (litː two whole hands, four toes on the foot' )

15.  ĩ̄ɨ̥ˈkʰã́ⁿdɨ̄ɨ̥pʰōo̥kʰɨ̀ɲɛ̃̀ (inanimate) /  ĩ̄ɨ̥ˈkʰã́ⁿdɨ̄ɨ̥pʰōo̥kʰɨ̀ɲɨ̃̀ɾã́ (animate)

16. ãḁˈpʰɛ́dɨ̄ɨ̥pʰōo̥ ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ (litː 'another foot, one toe' )

17. ãḁˈpʰɛ́dɨ̄ɨ̥pʰōo̥ pɨ'áɡáḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ (litː 'another foot, two toes' )

18. ãḁˈpʰɛ́dɨ̄ɨ̥pʰōo̥ ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ᵑɡáḁ  pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ (litː 'another foot, three toes' )

19. ãḁˈpʰɛ́dɨ̄ɨ̥pʰōo̥ ᵐbāḁˈpʰúbīi̥sāɾiɡḁ pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ (litː 'another foot, four toes' )

20. pɨ'ã́ȭo̥pʰɨ̄ɨ̥̀ dɨ̄ɨ̥ˈpʰóɾíi̥ ˈpɛ́ɛ̥tʰíɾóo̥ (litː 'two hands and feet complete' )

Linguist providing data and dateː Mr. Rodney Kinch, Summer Institute of Linguistics, Colombia, January 30, 1994, June 10, 2009.

提供资料的语言学家: Mr. Rodney Kinch, 1994 年 1 月 30 日, 2009 年 6 月 10 日。

Other comments: The Yurutí people has a traditional counting goes up to 20 with 'páhɛ' many handling anything above 20. The above chart represents the traditional counting system. In actual practice, the younger generation is now using the Spanish terms for numbers above five. In the traditional system any number above 20 would

be counted as many.  The inanimate form for many is: ˈpʰáḁhɛ́ɛ̥. The animate form

for many isː  ˈpʰáḁhɨ́ɨ̥. The word pʰɛ̃̄nĩ̄i̥ˈpɛ́alõ at the end of the compound forms beginning with number six means ‘passing from one to another’ which indicates that

if the person was counting on one hand, then he continues counting on the other hand. Likewise, when counting beyond ten, counting moves from two hands to a foot, then from two hands and a foot to another foot.  

The animate classifiers are:

       -ɨ/-ɨ̃  or -ɡɨ / -ɡɨ̃  ‘m.sg.’

      - o/-o)  or  -ɡo/-ɡo)  ‘f.sg.’

       -a/-a)   or  -ɾa /-ɾa)    ‘pl’

Examples:

            ĩ̀i̥'kʰɨ́ ‘one male’

              ĩ̀i̥'kʰṍ 'one female'

           ĩ̀i̥'kʰã́ɾã̄ 'some peopel'

It is easy to observe the way these change according to whether their environment

is oral or nasal.  Two interesting cases involve the numbers two and three. When the animate classifier is attached, the stem and the suffix become nasalized.

           pɨ'áɡá  —-»   pʰɨ̃̄'ã́ɾã̄

          īi̥tʰī'áɡá —-»   īi̥tʰĩ̄'áɾã̄

Other phonological aspects that should be noted are:

1.  Voiceless vocoids occur before voiceless stops, the voiceless fricative [s] 

     and the voiceless glottal [h].

2.  Aspiration on voiceless stops is in free variation with unaspirated voiceless stops.

3.  Prenasalization occurs on voiced stops word initial and following a nasalized vocoid.

4.  High tone always occurs on the stressed syllable.  Syllables prior to the

     stressed syllable have low tone.  Tone tends to go down following high tone, but high tone can be maintained through two or more syllables or

     throughout the rest of the word. 

Note the Yurutí is called as Wajiara.

Yurutí Phone Chart I: Contoids

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Alveo-palatal	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stops	p, pʰ, ᵐb, b		t, tʰ, ⁿd, d	dʲ		k, kʰ, ᵑɡ, ɡ	ʔ
Nasal	m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Flaps			ɾ, ɾ̃, ɹ
Flap			ɺ
Fricative		v, ṽ	s	ʑ			h, h̃
Affricates			tʃ
Approximants	w	w̃			j

Yurutí Phone Chart II: Voids