Pnar Khasi

Language name and locationː Pnar, Assam, India, Bangladesh [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 帕那尔语 (Jowai Pnar dialect), 印度阿萨姆邦及及孟加拉国境内

1. wiː // tʃi	21. ʔaːr pʰaːowiː
2. ʔaːr	22. ʔaːr pʰaːo ʔaːr
3. lɛː	23. ʔaːr pʰaːo lɛː
4. sɔː	24. ʔaːr pʰaːo sɔː
5. san	25. ʔaːr pʰaːo san
6. hnru	26. ʔaːr pʰaːo hnru
7. hnɲaːo	27. ʔaːr pʰaːo hnɲaːo
8. pʰraː	28. ʔaːr pʰaːo pʰraː
9. kʰndeː	29. ʔaːr pʰaːo kʰndeː
10. tʃi pʰaːo	30. lɛː pʰaːo
11. kʰat wiː	40. sɔː pʰaːo
12. kʰat ʔaːr	50. san pʰaːo
13. kʰat lɛː	60. hnru pʰaːo
14. kʰat sɔː	70. hnɲaːo pʰaːo
15. kʰat san	80. pʰraː pʰaːo
16. kʰat hnru	90. kʰndeː pʰaːo
17. kʰat hnɲaːo	100. tʃi spʰaʔ
18. kʰat pʰraː	200. ʔaːr spʰaʔ
19. kʰat kʰndeː	1000. tʃi hadʒar < Indo-Aryan
20. ʔaːr pʰaːo	2000. ʔaːr hadʒar

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Anne Daladier, LACITO-CNRS (Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France. October 19, 2011.
提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Anne Daladier, 2011 年 10 月 19 日.

Other comments: Pnar has a decimal system. The above data is taken from Jowai Pnar. miː//ʃi (or wiː// ʧi) represents a contrastive pair. In English, 'one' has different mathematical uses which are disambiguised in Pnaric-War-Lyngngam with *mi and *ʧi. mi is mainly used as cardinal one, ʃi/ʧi is mainly used to count ‘one’ for measure units and to count ‘one’ for powers of ten. For example, in War ʃi p^huːa ‘ten’, lit. ‘one-ten’, ʃi swaɁ ‘one hundred’. mi expresses cardinal ‘one’ in ‘one leave’; ʃi swaɁ mi ‘one hundred one’. ʃi/ʧi expresses one in measure units: ʃi khup ‘one breadth-of-four fingers’. ʃi/ʧi is also used as ‘one’ for units of time, e.g. the whole day, one month length. mi ‘one’ to express ‘one o’clock’ contrasts with ʃi to express ‘one hour’ as a unit of time. ʃi/ʧi may also be used for a unit whose cardinal value is not relevant or is undefined as in War ʃi dit ‘a little while’, ʃi kur ‘people from the same clan’, ʃi pero brothers and sisters from the same mother. This is a qualifying use v.s. quantifying use of previous examples. ʃi/ʧi is also used as a kind of aspectual device, as in War: ʃi pam ‘to cut in one blow’ (pam ‘to cut’).

Pnar, Khasi and Lyngngam cardinals belong to a Pnaric system which slightly differs from a War one, more conservative from an AA viewpoint. Numerals expressing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have common roots but 7, 8, 9 and teens are different.

In Pnar the loss of /m/ or /b/ in onset position of monosyllabic words is frequent, as in mi > wi (one), ba > wa (dependency marker). This loss is not found in lexical elements in Khasi and Lyngngam. The Khasi and Lyngngam cardinal systems are then derived from the Pnar one.

References:

Daladier A. 2010 ''Counting techniques with their “grouping” names in Pnar,

War, Khasi and Lyngngam and their relation to Austroasiatic number systems''

presentation at NEILS 5 Conference (to appear)

Jenner, P., (1976). « Les noms de nombre en Khmer » in Diffloth, G. and Zide, N. eds.

Austroasiatic Number Systems, (special issue), Linguistics : 39-61

Matisoff, James. 1997. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: prefixes, proto-forms

and problems. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics

Mazaudon, M. (2010). “Number building in Tibeto-Burman languages” in Morey,

Post eds. NEILS 2, India, CUP India

Menninger, K. (1969). [1934]. Number words and number symbols. A cultural history

of numbers, Cambridge Mass.: M.I.T. Press

Zide, N. (1978). Studies in the Munda numerals, Mysore: CIIL

Language name and locationː Pnar, Assam, India, Bangladesh [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 帕那尔语 (Ralliang dialect), 印度阿萨姆邦及及孟加拉国境内

1. wiː // tʃi	21. ʔaːr pʰaːowiː
2. ʔaːr	22. ʔaːr pʰaːo ʔaːr
3. lɛː	23. ʔaːr pʰaːo lɛː
4. sɔː	24. ʔaːr pʰaːo sɔː
5. san	25. ʔaːr pʰaːo san
6. hndru *	26. ʔaːr pʰaːo hndru
7. hnɲaːo	27. ʔaːr pʰaːo hnɲaːo
8. pʰraː	28. ʔaːr pʰaːo pʰraː
9. kʰndeː	29. ʔaːr pʰaːo kʰndeː
10. tʃi pʰaːo	30. lɛː pʰaːo
11. kʰat wiː	40. sɔː pʰaːo
12. kʰat ʔaːr	50. san pʰaːo
13. kʰat lɛː	60. hndru pʰaːo
14. kʰat sɔː	70. hnɲaːo pʰaːo
15. kʰat san	80. pʰraː pʰaːo
16. kʰat hndru	90. kʰndeː pʰaːo
17. kʰat hnɲaːo	100. tʃi spʰaʔ
18. kʰat pʰraː	200. ʔaːr spʰaʔ
19. kʰat kʰndeː	1000. tʃi hadʒar < Indo-Aryan
20. ʔaːr pʰaːo	2000. ʔaːr hadʒar

Other comments: Pnar has a decimal system. The above data is taken from Ralling Pnar, the number six is different from that of Jowai Pnar dialect. miː//ʃi (or wiː// ʧi) represents a contrastive pair. In English, 'one' has different mathematical uses which are disambiguised in Pnaric-War-Lyngngam with *mi and *ʧi. mi is mainly used as cardinal one, ʃi/ʧi is mainly used to count ‘one’ for measure units and to count ‘one’ for powers of ten. For example, in War ʃi p^huːa ‘ten’, lit. ‘one-ten’, ʃi swaɁ ‘one hundred’. mi expresses cardinal ‘one’ in ‘one leave’; ʃi swaɁ mi ‘one hundred one’. ʃi/ʧi expresses one in measure units: ʃi khup ‘one breadth-of-four fingers’. ʃi/ʧi is also used as ‘one’ for units of time, e.g. the whole day, one month length. mi ‘one’ to express ‘one o’clock’ contrasts with ʃi to express ‘one hour’ as a unit of time. ʃi/ʧi may also be used for a unit whose cardinal value is not relevant or is undefined as in War ʃi dit ‘a little while’, ʃi kur ‘people from the same clan’, ʃi pero brothers and sisters from the same mother. This is a qualifying use v.s. quantifying use of previous examples. ʃi/ʧi is also used as a kind of aspectual device, as in War: ʃi pam ‘to cut in one blow’ (pam ‘to cut’).

References:

Daladier A. 2010 ''Counting techniques with their “grouping” names in Pnar,

War, Khasi and Lyngngam and their relation to Austroasiatic number systems''

presentation at NEILS 5 Conference (to appear)

Jenner, P., (1976). « Les noms de nombre en Khmer » in Diffloth, G. and Zide, N. eds.

Austroasiatic Number Systems, (special issue), Linguistics : 39-61

Matisoff, James. 1997. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: prefixes, proto-forms

and problems. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics

Mazaudon, M. (2010). “Number building in Tibeto-Burman languages” in Morey,

Post eds. NEILS 2, India, CUP India

Menninger, K. (1969). [1934]. Number words and number symbols. A cultural history

of numbers, Cambridge Mass.: M.I.T. Press

Language name and locationː Pnar (Synteng), Assam, India [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 帕那尔语, 印度东北部阿萨姆邦, 梅加拉亚邦及及孟加拉国境内

1. wi	21. arpʰawwi
2. ar	22. arpʰaw ar
3. lei	23. arpʰaw lei
4. sɔu	24. arpʰaw sɔu
5. san	25. arpʰaw san
6. ɪ̯nru	26. arpʰaw ɪ̯nru
7. ɪ̯nɲjaw	27. arpʰaw ɪ̯nɲjaw
8. pʰra	28. arpʰaw pʰra
9. kɪndei	29. arpʰaw kɪndei
10. tʃipʰaw	30. leipʰaw
11. kʰat wi	40. soupʰaw
12. kʰat ar	50. sanpʰaw
13. kʰat lei	60. ɪ̯nrupʰaw
14. kʰat sɔu	70. ɪ̯nɲjawpʰaw
15. kʰat san	80. pʰrapʰaw
16. kʰat ɪ̯nru	90. kɪndeipʰaw
17. kʰat ɪ̯nɲjaw	100. tʃʰispaʔ
18. kʰat pʰra	200. arspaʔ
19. kʰat kɪndei	1000. tʃʰihadʒar < Indo-Aryan
20. arpʰaw	2000. arhadʒar

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Hiram Ring, Department of Linguistics, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. June 1, 2011.
提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Hiram Ring, 新加坡南洋科技大学, 2011 年 6 月 1 日.

Other comments: Pnar has a decimal system. The above data is taken from Raliang dialect of Pnar (Synteng) in Jiantia Hills district, Meghalaya state, India. This list is based on elicitation and re-checking during the month of May, 2011, though the recordings have not been analyzed completely. Of note is that the /u/ of item 4 represents the same sort of lip-rounding as the final /w/ that occurs in 7, 10, 14, and elsewhere after vowels /a/ and /ɔ/ in diphthong-like pairings. Also, in Raliang Pnar there seems to be a distinction between an alveolar nasal /n/ and a palatal nasal /ɲ/ as found in 7 and elsewhere.

We also find that the short /ɪ/ sound is rarely syllabic but is recognized as a separate sound by speakers of the language.

1. wi	21. arpʰawwi
2. ar	22. arpʰaw ar
3. le	23. arpʰaw le
4. so	24. arpʰaw so
5. san	25. arpʰaw san
6. ɨndru	26. arpʰaw ɨndru
7. ɨnɲaw	27. arpʰaw ɨnɲaw
8. pʰra	28. arpʰaw pʰraː
9. kʰɨnde	29. arpʰaw kʰɨnde
10. cʰipʰaw	30. le pʰaw
11. kʰat wi	40. so pʰaw
12. kʰat ar	50. sanpʰaw
13. kʰat le	60. ɨndru pʰaw
14. kʰat so	70. ɨnɲawpʰaw
15. kʰat san	80. pʰraːpʰaw
16. kʰat ɨndru	90. kʰɨnde pʰaw
17. kʰat ɨnɲaw	100. cʰispaʔ
18. kʰat pʰraː	200. arspaʔ
19. kʰat kʰɨnde	1000. cʰihaɟar < Indo-Aryan
20. arpʰaw	2000. ar haɟar

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Curiously Bareh. Department of Linguistics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India. September 20, 2010.
提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Curiously Bareh, 2010 年 9 月 20 日.

Other comments: Pnar has a decimal system. Pnar numerals are similar to that of the Standard Khasi, but the 'kʰat' in 11 to 19 might be a loanword.

Language name and locationː Pnar, Assam, India, Bangladesh [Refer to Ethnologue]
语言名称和分布地区: 帕那尔语, 印度东北部阿萨姆邦, 梅加拉亚邦及及孟加拉国境内

1. wiː	21. ʔarpʰawwiː
2. ʔar	22. ʔarpʰaw ʔar
3. leː	23. ʔarpʰaw leː
4. sɔː	24. ʔarpʰaw sɔː
5. san	25. ʔarpʰaw san
6. nru	26. ʔarpʰaw nru
7. ɲɲaw	27. ʔarpʰaw ɲɲaw
8. pʰraː	28. ʔarpʰaw pʰraː
9. kʰⁿdeː	29. ʔarpʰaw kʰⁿdeː
10. pʰaw	30. leː pʰaw
11. pʰaw wiː	40. sɔː pʰaw
12. pʰaw ʔar	50. sanpʰaw
13. pʰaw leː	60. nru pʰaw
14. pʰaw sɔː	70. ɲɲawpʰaw
15. pʰaw san	80. pʰraːpʰaw
16. pʰaw nru	90. kʰⁿdeː pʰaw
17. pʰaw ɲɲaw	100. spaʔ
18. pʰaw pʰraː	200. ʔarspaʔ
19. pʰaw kʰⁿdeː	1000. had͡ʒaːr < Indo-Aryan
20. ʔarpʰaw	2000. ʔarhad͡ʒaːr

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Gerard Diffloth, Cornell University, USA / École Française d’Extrême-Orient, Paris, France. March 4, 2007
提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Gerard Diffloth, 2007 年 3 月 4 日.

Other comments: Pnar has a decimal system. Pnar numerals are similar to that of the Standard Khasi. The data was taken from Synteng dialect. Pnar is spoken by approximately 322,000 speakers in Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram states in Northeast India as well as Bangladesh.

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