Language name and locationː Manat, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 马纳特语 (派纳马尔语 Paynamar), 巴布亚新几内亚马当省

1. βaʧa(-tak)  (lit: 'one')

2. añɨŋa(-kay) (lit: 'two(?)-loc/ins')

3. añɨŋ-uta(-kay) (lit: 'two(?)-pl?-loc/ins')

4. muk añɨŋa-kay muk añɨŋa-kay (lit: 'another two-loc another two-loc')

5. umbram akɨβsisi (lit: 'arm one.side')

6. umbram-ɨk ipaku-s umbram-ɨk βaʧatak mɨŋ-ind

   (lit: 'arm-acc cross-ds arm-acc one take-3sg.ipst')

7. umbram muβaŋa-k añɨŋa-kay mɨŋ-ind (lit: arm other.side-acc two-loc take-3sg.ipst')

8. ipaku-s muβaŋa-k añɨŋ-uta-kay mɨŋ-ind  

   (lit: 'cross-ds other.side-acc two-pl?-loc take-3sg.ipst')

9. ipaku-s [muk añɨŋa-kay muk añɨŋa-kay] mɨŋ-ind (lit: 'cross-ds [4] take-3sg.ipst')

10. umbram mundimund (lit: 'arm joined')

11. umbram mundimund mɨŋgu-s andam-ap βaʧa-tak mɨŋ-ind

     (lit: 'arm joined go.down-ds leg-? one-? take-3sg.ipst’)

20. umbram andam ar-ind (lit: 'arm leg say-3sg.ipst’)

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Don R. Daniels, Department of Linguistics at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA. October 2, 2010.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Don R. Daniels, 2010 年 10 月 2 日.

Other comments: Manat or Paynamar is spoken by perhaps 40 adults in Paynamar village, north of Atemble; Sirva and Aisi are each spoken in four or five villages by perhaps a couple hundred people, in the Trans-Gogol and Usino-Bundi regions of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Manat has a digit-tally system up to 20.

Notes: (ds=different subject; ipst=immediate past) Even the form βaʧatak ‘one’ is complex; it is βaʧatak in isolation, but shows up as βaʧa when used attributively—for example: βaʧa ɣusi ‘one section’. The (apparent) suffix –tak doesn’t show up elsewhere in the grammar. The forms for 2 and 3 have the suffix –kay, which is used for locatives and instrumentals; this suffix is lost when the numerals are used attributively, just like –tak for ‘one’: añɨŋuta ɣusi ‘three sections’. The word for three appears to have the same root as the word for two, plus the element –uta, which doesn’t show up elsewhere. But since it strongly resembles the plural suffix –ura, which goes on verbs, I’ve glossed it ‘plural?’ here. ‘Four’ is realized as two twos. None of the numbers from five upwards have fixed forms; they are all expressed with the concept of finishing one hand and crossing over to the other, or finishing both and going down to the feet, but that concept can be expressed however you want. So for example, the difference between 7 and 8 in the chart above, where 7 is expressed as ‘one arm, other side…’ and 8 as ‘cross to the other side and…’, is not meaningful—either form could have shown up in the other format.