|
Language
name and locationː
Khasi,
Meghalaya,
India, Bangladesh
[Ref to
Ethnologue] |
|
1. wej // ʃi |
21. ʔaːr pʰu wej |
|
2. ʔaːr |
22. ʔaːr pʰu ʔaːr |
|
3. laːj |
23. ʔaːr pʰu laːj |
|
4. saːo |
24. ʔaːr pʰu saːo |
|
5. san |
25. ʔaːr pʰu san |
|
6. hnriːu |
26. ʔaːr pʰu hnriːu |
|
7. hnɲeu |
27. ʔaːr pʰu hnɲeu |
|
8. pʰra |
28. ʔaːr pʰu pʰra |
|
9. kʰndaj |
29. ʔaːr pʰu kʰndaj |
|
10. ʃi pʰeːu |
30. laːj pʰu |
|
11. kʰat wej |
40. saːo pʰu |
|
12. kʰat ʔaːr |
50. san pʰu |
|
13. kʰat laːj |
60. hnriːu pʰu |
|
14. kʰat saːo |
70. hnɲeu pʰu |
|
15. kʰat san |
80. pʰra pʰu |
|
16. kʰat hnriːu |
90. kʰndaj pʰu |
|
17. kʰat hnɲeu |
100. ʃi spʰaʔ |
|
18. kʰat pʰra |
200. ʔaːr spʰaʔ |
|
19. kʰat kʰndaj |
1000. ʃi had͡ʒaːr < Indo-Aryan |
|
20. ʔaːr pʰu |
2000. ʔaːr had͡ʒaːr |
|
Linguist providing data and dateː
Dr. Anne Daladier,
LACITO- |
|
Other comments: The above data is taken from Standard Khasi. miː//ʃi (or wiː// ʧi) represents a contrastive pair. In English, 'one' has different mathematical uses which are disambiguised in Pnaric-War-Lyngngam with *mi and *ʧi. mi is mainly used as cardinal one, ʃi/ʧi is mainly used to count ‘one’ for measure units and to count ‘one’ for powers of ten. For example, in War ʃi phuːa ‘ten’, lit. ‘one-ten’, ʃi swaɁ ‘one hundred’. mi expresses cardinal ‘one’ in ‘one leave’; ʃi swaɁ mi ‘one hundred one’. ʃi/ʧi expresses one in measure units: ʃi khup ‘one breadth-of-four fingers’. ʃi/ʧi is also used as ‘one’ for units of time, e.g. the whole day, one month length. mi ‘one’ to express ‘one o’clock’ contrasts with ʃi to express ‘one hour’ as a unit of time. ʃi/ʧi may also be used for a unit whose cardinal value is not relevant or is undefined as in War ʃi dit ‘a little while’, ʃi kur ‘people from the same clan’, ʃi pero brothers and sisters from the same mother. This is a qualifying use v.s. quantifying use of previous examples. ʃi/ʧi is also used as a kind of aspectual device, as in War: ʃi pam ‘to cut in one blow’ (pam ‘to cut’). Pnar, Khasi and Lyngngam cardinals belong to a Pnaric system which slightly differs from a War one, more conservative from an AA viewpoint. Numerals expressing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 have common roots but 7, 8, 9 and teens are different. In Pnar the loss of /m/ or /b/ in onset position of monosyllabic words is frequent, as in mi > wi (one), ba > wa (dependency marker). This loss is not found in lexical elements in Khasi and Lyngngam. The Khasi and Lyngngam cardinal systems are then derived from the Pnar one. References: Daladier A. 2010 ''Counting techniques with their “grouping” names in Pnar, War, Khasi and Lyngngam and their relation to Austroasiatic number systems'' presentation at NEILS 5 Conference (to appear) Jenner, P., (1976). « Les noms de nombre en Khmer » in Diffloth, G. and Zide, N. eds. Austroasiatic Number Systems, (special issue), Linguistics : 39-61 Matisoff, James. 1997. Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: prefixes, proto-forms and problems. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics Mazaudon, M. (2010). “Number building in Tibeto-Burman languages” in Morey, Post eds. NEILS 2, India, CUP India Menninger, K. (1969). [1934]. Number words and number symbols. A cultural history of numbers, Cambridge Mass.: M.I.T. Press Zide, N. (1978). Studies in the Munda numerals, Mysore: CIIL |
|
Language
name and locationː
Khasi,
Meghalaya,
India,
Bangladesh
[Ref to
Ethnologue] |
|
1. weːj |
21. ʔaːr pʰɔːw weːj |
|
2. ʔaːr |
22. ʔaːr pʰɔːw ʔaːr |
|
3. laːj |
23. ʔaːr pʰɔːw laːj |
|
4. saːw |
24. ʔaːr pʰɔːw saːw |
|
5. san |
25. ʔaːr pʰɔːw san |
|
6. ⁿriːw |
26. ʔaːr pʰɔːw ⁿriːw |
|
7. ⁿɲiɛw |
27. ʔaːr pʰɔːw ⁿɲiɛw |
|
8. pʰra |
28. ʔaːr pʰɔːw pʰra |
|
9. kʰⁿdaːj |
29. ʔaːr pʰɔːw kʰⁿdaːj |
|
10. kʰat |
30. laːj pʰɔːw |
|
11. kʰat weːj |
40. saːw pʰɔːw |
|
12. kʰat ʔaːr |
50. san pʰɔːw |
|
13. kʰat laːj |
60. ⁿriːw pʰɔːw |
|
14. kʰat saːw |
70. ⁿɲiɛw pʰɔːw |
|
15. kʰat san |
80. pʰra pʰɔːw |
|
16. kʰat ⁿriːw |
90. kʰⁿdaːj pʰɔːw |
|
17. kʰat ⁿɲiɛw |
100. ʃi spaʔ |
|
18. kʰat pʰra |
200. ʔaːr spaʔ |
|
19. kʰat kʰⁿdaːj |
1000. ʃi had͡ʒaːr < Indo-Aryan |
|
20. ʔaːr pʰɔːw |
2000. ʔaːr had͡ʒaːr |
|
Linguist
providing data and dateː
Dr. Michael Ferlus,
|
|
Other comments: Khasi is spoken by approximately 1,000,000 speakers in Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, and West Bengal states in Northeast India as well as Bangladesh. Khasi has a decimal system. Khasi numerals are different from that other Mon-Khmer languages. |
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