Language name and locationː Kalam, Madang province, PNG [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 卡兰语, 巴布亚新几内亚马当省及西高地省

1. nokom

2. omŋal

3. omŋal nokom (2+1)

4. omŋal omŋal  (2+2)

5. omŋal omŋal nokom (2+2+1)

6. omŋal omŋal omŋal  (2+2+2)

Linguist providing data and dateː Prof. Andrew K. Pawley, Department of Linguistics,

Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. December 17, 2010.

提供资料的语言学家: Prof. Andrew K. Pawley, 2010 年 12 月 17 日.

Other comments: Kalam is spoken by approximately 20,000 speakers in Ramu district, Madang province, and Hagen district, Western Highlands province, Papua New Guinea.

There are two counting systems in Kalam: 
(i) a system that has just two basic numerals: nokom 'one' and omŋal 'two' and then
    forms higher numbers by combining these: 3 is 2, 1, 4 is 2, 2, 5 is 2, 2, 1, and so on.
    This system is seldom used for counting numbers greater than six.
(ii) a body-part system which uses the hands, arms shoulders and chest. One complete
     round of the body is 23. This method is used for tallying and specifying numbers
     greater than five or six.  
     The counter starts with the little finger of one hand (it doesn't matter which hand),
     ring finger is 2, middle finger is 3, index finger is 4, thumb (usually shown with the
     fist clenched) is 5, wrist 6, forearm 7, inside of elbow 8, bicep 9, outside of
     shoulder 10, midpoint between shoulder and neck is 11, base of neck is 12. That's
     the half way point, then the counter proceeds down the other side of the body:
     midpoint between neck and shoulder is 13, shoulder 14, bicep 15, elbow 16,
     forearm 17, wrist 18, thumb 19, index finger 20, middle finger 21, ring finger 22,
     little finger 23. 

     After 12 the speaker adds the word ps (half, side) is added to each body-part name
     to indicate he is counting the other side of the body.   

     After competing the first round the counter continues by going in the reverse
     direction but he begins with the second finger, so each round after the first is 22.
     Two rounds is 45, three is 67 and so on.  To specify the number 51 the speaker says
     (complete) round, (complete) round, wrist. 60 is round, round, bicep-side.
      ñn pug ju-, indicate a complete round or circuit, in the body-part method of
     counting, by flexing the arms in front of the chest with fists clenched then extending
     the arms sideways and opening the hand. The first round equals 23, ending with the
     little finger of the second hand. Subsequent rounds each count as 22 (counting starts
     again from the second finger of that hand). 45 is indicated by two extending
     movements, 67 by three, and so on. 

     ñn pag nŋ-, count or reckon numbers, using the body-part method of counting.

     See ñn pug ju-. ÑN-JUWI [nyíndyú·í·], numeral. In body-part counting, 23, i.e. one
     complete round. Shown by extending the arms outwards from the shoulders and
     flicking out the bunched fingers then bunching them again.  (from ñn juw-i, lit
     having extended the hands.)  See also ñn pag-, ñn pug ju-. Saj yad dpin, kubap ñn
     juwi. I got my compensation, 23 green snail shells.

Language name and locationː Kalam, Madang province, PNG [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 卡兰语, 巴布亚新几内亚马当省及西高地省

1. nokom (lit: little finger')

2. omɨŋal (lit: ring finger')

3. omɨŋal nokom (lit: middle finger)

4. omɨŋal omɨŋal (lit: 'index finger')

5. mamɨnt (lit: thumb')

6. kaŋɡol (lit: 'wrist')

7. kuŋɡul (lit: 'forearm')

8. jel  (lit: 'inner elbow')

9. ajɨp (lit: 'bicep')

10. wanjlem (lit: 'shoulder')

11. aɡɨp (lit: collarbone'), 12.  umɨŋɡan (lit: 'throat'),

13. ajɨp pɨs  (lit: 'opposite collarbone'), 14. wanjlem pɨs  (lit: 'opposite shoulder'),

15. ajɨp pɨs (lit: 'opposite bicep'), 16. jel pɨs (lit: 'opposite elbow'),

17. kuŋɡul pɨs (lit: 'opposite forearm'), 18. kaŋɡol pɨs (lit: 'opposite wrist'),

19. mamɨnd pɨs (lit: 'opposite thumb'), 20. tɨŋɡaup pɨs  (lit: 'opposite index finger'),

21. ñɨn juwɨl nokom  (lit: 'hand finished, one'),

22. ñɨn juwɨl omɨŋal (lit: 'hand finished, two) etc, 29. ñɨn juwɨl ajɨp

30. ñɨn juwɨl wanjlem, 40. ñɨn juwɨl anep omɨŋal nokom

80. ñɨn jul tɨɡaup

100. ñɨn juwɨl mamɨnd 

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. Steven Hayward, Pioneer Bible Translator, Madang, Papua New Guinea, March 8, 2008.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. Steven Hayward, 2008 年 3 月 8 日

Other comments: Kalam is spoken by approximately 20,000 speakers in Ramu district, Madang province, and Hagen district, Western Highlands province, Papua New Guinea. Kalam has a tally system based on 12 and can count up to 100.