Language name and location: Ende, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue]

言名称和分布地区恩得语, 巴布亚新几内亚西部省

 

1. ʈ͡ʂoŋdai

2. komɽa

3. kumuɖ͡ʐəɡa

4. po < from English (OR komɽajbekomɽajbe)

5. paib < from English (OR mənda – see below)

6. siks < from English (OR  kumuɖ͡ʐəɡakumuɖ͡ʐəɡa OR ɡabɨn – see below)

7. sɛbən < from English, 8. et < from English, 9. najn < from English

10. tɛn < from English, 11. ilɛbɛn < from English, 12. tuwɛlb < from English

13. tɛtin < from English, 14. potin < from English, 15.piptin < from English

16. sikstin < from English, 17. sɛbɛntin < from English, 18.ejtin < from English

19. najntin < from English, 20. tuwɛnti < from English, 30.

30. tɛti < from English, 40.poti < from English, 50. pipti < from English

60. siksti < from English, 70.  sɛbɛnti < from English, 80. ejti < from English

90. najnti < from English, 100. andɾɛɖ͡ʐ < from English

200. tu andɾɛɖ͡ʐ < from English, 1000. wan taosɛn < from English

2000. tu taosɛn < from English

 

Linguist providing data and dateː Miss Catherine Scanlon, PhD Graduate Student, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA, July 8, 2019. Edit of Kate Lindsey's data.

提供资料的语言家: Miss Catherine Scanlon, 2019 年 7 月 8 日.

 

Other comments: Ende is a Pahoturi River language. Other Pahoturi River languages include Kawam, Agob, Idi, Taeme, and Em. There at least four systems of counting in Ende. The most widely used counting system in Limol includes Ende numerals for 1, 2, and 3, then borrows English numerals for numbers greater than 3. This system is base-10 like English and is used by speakers when stating their age, birth year, how many children they have, and in all written texts.

Another counting system references parts of the body to count from 1-19. These numerals are also used when asked the question how many.

one (pinky (left))

tɨɾɨŋ ɛsa

two (ring finger)

nɨtkin

three (middle finger)

kɽatoɽma

four (pointer finger)

tupi

five (thumb)

mənda

six (wrist)

ɡabɨn

seven (elbow)

ʈ͡ʂaŋ kum

eight (shoulder)

maʈ͡ʂa

nine (breast)

ŋam

ten (sternum)

ɖ͡ʐɨɽ

eleven (other breast)

apte ŋam

twelve (other shoulder)

apte maʈ͡ʂa

thirteen (other elbow)

apte ʈ͡ʂaŋ kum

fourteen (other wrist)

apte ɡabɨn

fifteen (other thumb)

apte mənda

sixteen (other pointer finger)

apte tupi

seventeen (other middle finger)

apte kɽatoɽma

eighteen (other ring finger)

apte nɨtkin

nineteen (other pinky)

tɨɾɨŋ ɛsa

 

Ende speakers also know of, but do not seem to widely use, a base-6 counting system that is common across Southern New Guinean languages. These numerals might be borrowed from nearby Morehead-Maro languages, which used them originally to count yams.

 

1

ʈ͡ʂoŋdai

2

komɽa

3

kumuɖ͡ʐəɡa

4

komɽa komɽa

5

komɽa komɽa ʈ͡ʂoŋo duma

6

puʈ͡ʂ

12

komɽa puʈ͡ʂ

36

pəɾta

216

taɾomba

1296

damona

7776

waɾamakaj

 

Note (from Catherine): There is a considerable amount of variation in the use of numerals in daily life in Ende. For example, although Ende numerals are typically used for 1-3, English borrowings are used in specific phrases such as “grade one”, “two years”, or “three o'clock”, and there are some instances in the corpus of “one” [wan] and “three” [tɾi] being used in other circumstances as well.

Likewise, although English borrowings are typically used for numbers greater than three, there are some other words used in the corpus. I have noted these in the first part of the questionnaire.


Language name and location: Ende, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue]

言名称和分布地区恩得语, 巴布亚新几内亚西部省

 

1. ʈoŋdɑi

2. komɽɑ

3. kumuʈəɡɑ

4. po

5. pɑib

6. siks

7. sɛbən

8. et

9. nɑin

10. tɛn

20. tuwɛnti

30. tɛti

40. poti

50. pipti

100. ɑndrɛɖ

200. tu ɑndrɛɖ

1000. wɑn tɑosɛn

2000. tu tɑosɛn

 

Linguist providing data and dateː Miss Kate Lindsey, Graduate Student, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, USA, August 5, 2016.

提供资料的语言家: Miss Kate Lindsey, 2016 年 8 月 5 日.

 

Other comments: Ende is a Pahoturi River language. Other Pahoturi River languages include Kawam, Agob, Idi and Taeme. There at least four systems of counting in Ende. The most widely used counting system in Limol includes Ende numerals for 1, 2, and 3, then borrows English numerals for numbers greater than 3. This system is base-10 like English and is used by speakers when stating their age, birth year, how many children they have, and in all written texts.

Another counting system references parts of the body to count from 1-19. These numerals are also used when asked the question how many.

 

one

(pinky (left))

tɨrɑŋ ɛsɑ

eight

(shoulder)

mɑʈɑ

fifteen

(other thumb)

ɑpte məndɑ

two

(ring finger)

nɨtkin

nine

(breast)

ŋɑm

sixteen

(other pointer)

ɑpte tupi

three

(middle finger)

kɽɑtoɽmɑ

ten

(sternum)

ɖɨɽ

seventeen

(other middle finger)

ɑpte kɽɑtoɽmɑ

four

(pointer)

tupi

eleven

(other breast)

ɑpte ŋɑm

eighteen

(other ring finger)

ɑpte nɨtkin

five

(thumb)

məndɑ

twelve

(other shoulder)

ɑpte mɑʈɑ

nineteen

(other pinky)

ɑpte tɨrɑŋ ɛsɑ

six

(wrist)

gɑbɨn

thirteen

(other elbow)

ɑpte ʈɑŋ kum

   

seven

(elbow)

ʈɑŋ kum

fourteen

(other wrist)

ɑpte gɑbɨn

   

 

Ende speakers also know of, but do not seem to widely use, a base-6 counting system that is common across Southern New Guinean languages. These numerals might be borrowed from nearby Morehead-Maro languages, which used them originally to count yams.

 

one

ʈoŋdɑi

12

komɽɑ puʈ

two

komɽɑ

36

pərtɑ

three

kumuʈəgɑ

216

tɑrombɑ

four

komɽɑ komɽɑ

1296

dɑmonɑ

five

komɽɑ komɽɑ ʈoŋo dumɑ

7776

wɑrɑmɑkɑe

six

puʈ

   

 

Note that the Ende language is different from the Ende language of Flores in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.


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