Language name and location: Ende, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 恩得语, 巴布亚新几内亚西部省

1. ʈ͡ʂoŋdai

2. komɽa

3. kumuɖ͡ʐəɡa

4. po < from English (OR komɽajbekomɽajbe)

5. paib < from English (OR mənda – see below)

6. siks < from English (OR  kumuɖ͡ʐəɡakumuɖ͡ʐəɡa OR ɡabɨn – see below)

7. sɛbən < from English, 8. et < from English, 9. najn < from English

10. tɛn < from English, 11. ilɛbɛn < from English, 12. tuwɛlb < from English

13. tɛtin < from English, 14. potin < from English, 15.piptin < from English

16. sikstin < from English, 17. sɛbɛntin < from English, 18.ejtin < from English

19. najntin < from English, 20. tuwɛnti < from English, 30.

30. tɛti < from English, 40.poti < from English, 50. pipti < from English

60. siksti < from English, 70.  sɛbɛnti < from English, 80. ejti < from English

90. najnti < from English, 100. andɾɛɖ͡ʐ < from English

200. tu andɾɛɖ͡ʐ < from English, 1000. wan taosɛn < from English

2000. tu taosɛn < from English

Linguist providing data and dateː Miss Catherine Scanlon, PhD Graduate Student, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA, July 8, 2019. Edit of Kate Lindsey's data.

提供资料的语言学家: Miss Catherine Scanlon, 2019 年 7 月 8 日.

Other comments: Ende is a Pahoturi River language. Other Pahoturi River languages include Kawam, Agob, Idi, Taeme, and Em. There at least four systems of counting in Ende. The most widely used counting system in Limol includes Ende numerals for 1, 2, and 3, then borrows English numerals for numbers greater than 3. This system is base-10 like English and is used by speakers when stating their age, birth year, how many children they have, and in all written texts.

Another counting system references parts of the body to count from 1-19. These numerals are also used when asked the question how many.

Ende speakers also know of, but do not seem to widely use, a base-6 counting system that is common across Southern New Guinean languages. These numerals might be borrowed from nearby Morehead-Maro languages, which used them originally to count yams.

Note (from Catherine): There is a considerable amount of variation in the use of numerals in daily life in Ende. For example, although Ende numerals are typically used for 1-3, English borrowings are used in specific phrases such as “grade one”, “two years”, or “three o'clock”, and there are some instances in the corpus of “one” [wan] and “three” [tɾi] being used in other circumstances as well.

Likewise, although English borrowings are typically used for numbers greater than three, there are some other words used in the corpus. I have noted these in the first part of the questionnaire.

Language name and location: Ende, Papua New Guinea [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 恩得语, 巴布亚新几内亚西部省

1. ʈoŋdɑi

2. komɽɑ

3. kumuʈəɡɑ

4. po

5. pɑib

6. siks

7. sɛbən

8. et

9. nɑin

10. tɛn

20. tuwɛnti

30. tɛti

40. poti

50. pipti

100. ɑndrɛɖ

200. tu ɑndrɛɖ

1000. wɑn tɑosɛn

2000. tu tɑosɛn

Linguist providing data and dateː Miss Kate Lindsey, Graduate Student, Department of Linguistics, Stanford University, USA, August 5, 2016.

提供资料的语言学家: Miss Kate Lindsey, 2016 年 8 月 5 日.

Other comments: Ende is a Pahoturi River language. Other Pahoturi River languages include Kawam, Agob, Idi and Taeme. There at least four systems of counting in Ende. The most widely used counting system in Limol includes Ende numerals for 1, 2, and 3, then borrows English numerals for numbers greater than 3. This system is base-10 like English and is used by speakers when stating their age, birth year, how many children they have, and in all written texts.

Another counting system references parts of the body to count from 1-19. These numerals are also used when asked the question how many.

Ende speakers also know of, but do not seem to widely use, a base-6 counting system that is common across Southern New Guinean languages. These numerals might be borrowed from nearby Morehead-Maro languages, which used them originally to count yams.

Note that the Ende language is different from the Ende language of Flores in Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.