Damal

Language name and locationː Damal, Papua province, Indonesia [Refer to Ethnologue]

语言名称和分布地区: 达马尔语, 印度尼西亚西巴布亚省中部高地地区

1. āmêŋkāk (litː 'one')	21. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò āmêŋkāk
2. hâu (litː 'two')	22. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò hâu
3. jû (litː 'three')	23. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò jû
4. mòep (litː 'four')	24. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò mòep
5. màp (litː 'five') *	25. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò màt
6. ēa āmêŋkāk (litː 'other side one')	26. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò ēa āmêŋkāk
7. ēa hâu (litː 'other side two')	27. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò ēa hâu
8. ēa jû (litː 'other side three')	28. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò ēa jû
9. ēa mòep (litː 'other side four')	29. mē nàɡàò hâu émék mè nàɡàò ēa mòep
10. ēa màt hènā màt *	30. mē nàɡàò jû (litː 'three men's hands')
11. ēa m. hèn. m. émék mè nàɡàò āmēŋkak	40. mē nàɡàò mòep
12. ēa màt hènā màt émék mè nàɡàò hâu	50. mē nàɡàò màt (litː 'five men's hands')
13. ēa màt hènā màt émék mè nàɡàò jû	60. mē nàɡàò ēa (litː 'six men's hands')
14. ēa m. hènā màt émék mè nàɡào mòep	70. mē nàɡàò ēa hâu
15. ēa màt hènā màt émék mè nàɡào màt	80. mē nàɡàò ēa jû (litː 'eight men's hands')
16. ēa m. hènā m. émék mè n. ēa āmēŋkak	90. mē nàɡàò ēa mòep
17. ēa m. hènā màt émék mè nàɡào ēa hâu	100. mē nàɡàò ēa màt hènā màt
18. ēa m. hènā màt émék mè nàɡào ēa jû	200. nòk hâu
19. ēa m. hènā m. émék mè nàɡào ēa mòep	1000. màràlíŋàm wàiyúk **
20. mē nàɡàò hâu ('' two men's hands'')	2000. màràlíŋàm wàiyúk

Linguist providing data and dateː Dr. John David Ellenberger, The Christian and Missionary Alliance, USA, April 21, 2012, May 22, 2014.

提供资料的语言学家: Dr. John David Ellenberger, 2012 年 4 月 21 日, 2014 年 5 月 22 日.

Other comments: Damal is spoken by about 1,400 speakers in central highlands, Paniai regency, Papua province, Indonesia. The above data was taken from Damal in Ilaga Valley, and Beoga Valley (north of the central range) in Papua, Indonesia. Amungkal (same as Damal) but in the southern valleys of Halama, Bela, Jila, Hõea, Tsinga, Tembagapura, Timika, Wa, Aroa, Duma, Da. There are 5 dialects of Damal/Amungkal, but all use the same counting system. Damal has a quinary system of counting.

10. ēa màt hènā màt, literally means 'other side five this side five'.

11. ēa màt hènā màt émék mè nàɡàò āmēŋkāk means 'other side five this side five

another man's hand one'.

16. ēa màt hènā màt émék mè nàɡàò ēa āmēŋkāk means 'other side five this side five another man's hand other side one'. The “2 bundles” for the number 200 nòk hâu need to be explained. Usually the Damal would say of 200 “maralingam waiyuk” “impossible to count” or “maratum kama” “can’t count.” However, my informants said that when it is necessary to keep track of large numbers (like shells in bride price payments), they would put down a stick representing 10, and when there were ten sticks, they would tie them together into a bundle. 200 then would be two bundles of sticks, each stick representing 10 of the item counted. These sticks would be small twigs, and it should be noted that each stick then represents one man’s hands (or 10 fingers).

It was able today to meet with 2 Damal informants to check the tones on the Damal numeral system. In the Damal script you will find tones marked with a system of 4 phonemic tones, marked as follows:

Low tone, marked with the grave accent: à

Mid tone, marked with the macronː ā

High tone, marked with the acute accent: á

Glide tone from mid to low tone, marked with the circumflex: â

Dr. John David Ellenberger told me (May 22, 2014) now because the Damal tribe has largely adopted the Indonesian numeral system figures (1-10), for the numbers over five. It confirms that the Damal are losing their numeral system.

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