Nominal and Verbal Conjunction (Feature 72)
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Feature Annotation
European languages usually have the same marker for the conjunction of NPs and VPs or clauses, as in English John and Anna vs. John reads and Anna studies, but this is not so in other languages. For instance, in Principense there are two different conjunctors ki and i: ki for nominal conjunction, as in Maa ki Zwan ‘Maria and John’, vs. i ‘and’ or juxtaposition for verbal conjunction, as in
Maa sa kuxi i Zwan sa xivi, or
Maa sa kuxi, __ Zwan sa xivi.
‘Maria is cooking and John is working.’
If nominal and verbal conjunction are expressed in the same way, we ask further whether there is an overt conjunction marker (value 1) or not (value 2).
We do not differentiate between verb-phrase conjunction and clause conjunction here. Both count as “verbal conjunction”.
See APiCS Glossary ("Identity and differentiation") for a visual representation of the four types of values.
Additional remarks
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Values
| Value | Value Annotation | |
| 1 | Identity, overtly expressed | Vincentian Creole Mi an shi laaf an taak tugyeda. 'She and I laughed and talked with each other.’ |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Identity, expressed by juxtaposition | Both nominal and verbal conjunction are (primarily) expressed without overt marker, by simple juxtaposition |
| 3 | Differentiation | Principense |
| 4 | Overlap | |
| 5 | Identity and differentiation | Nigerian Pidgin: folo expresses just nominal conjunction, and expresses both nominal and verbal conjunction, and juxtaposition is only used for verbal conjunction: Ìm ànd yù go tawn (ànd) bay nyam. ‘She and you went to town and bought yams.’ Ìm folo yù go tawn Ø bay nyam ‘She and you went to town and bought yams.’ |
WALS No.
64 (Total)
