Comitatives and Instrumentals (Feature 70)
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Feature Annotation
Here we ask whether the concept ‘together with’ (comitative) is expressed in the same way or differently from the concept ‘with’ (instrumental).
Please do not take serial verbs into account unless serial verb constructions are the only way to express comitatives or instrumentals. (See Feature 69 on instrumental expressions, and Feature 85 on “take”-serials.)
See APiCS Glossary ("Identity and differentiation") for a visual representation of the following values:
1. Identity: only onemarker for the two functions
2. Differentiation: two different markers for the two functions
3. Overlap: two markers, one of which has only one of the functions,
while the other one has both
4. Identity and differentiation: three markers: one functions both as a
comitative and as an instrumental marker; the second only as a
comitative marker; and the third only as an instrumental marker.
Additional remarks
....
Values
| Value | Value Annotation | |
| 1 | Identity | Papiamentu El a bai Ruba ku su ruman. ‘He went to Aruba with his sister.’; El a korta pan ku kuchú. ‘He cut bread with a knife.’ |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Differentiation | Chinuk Wawa Sáli yáka mámuk kánim kápa skin. [Sally 3sg make canoe instr skin] ’Sally made a canoe with (out of) skins’ vs. Sáli yáka tans kánamakwst Ben [Sally 3sg dance com Ben] ’Sally dances with Ben’. |
| 3 | Overlap | Haitian ak ‘comitative, instrumental’, avè/avèk only ‘comitative. |
| 4 | Identity and differentiation | |
WALS No.
52 (Total)
